making prefab work

.vscode/settings.json

@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@
         "regex": "cpp",
         "semaphore": "cpp",
         "shared_mutex": "cpp",
-        "stop_token": "cpp"
+        "stop_token": "cpp",
+        "filesystem": "cpp"
     }
 }

engine/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ set(SOURCES
 
   src/input/input.cpp
 
+  src/opengl/buffers.cpp
+
   src/scene/scene.cpp
   src/window/window.cpp
 

engine/include/engine/3d/array.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+#ifndef CORE_ARRAY_H_
+#define CORE_ARRAY_H_
+
+#define ARRAY_INITIAL_CAPACITY 2
+
+namespace Core {
+
+template<typename Item, typename Size = unsigned int>
+class Array {
+public:
+    Array() {
+        m_size = 0;
+        m_capacity = ARRAY_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
+        m_items = static_cast<Item*>(::operator new[](m_capacity * sizeof(Item)));
+    }
+
+    Array(Size initialCapacity) {
+        m_size = 0;
+        m_capacity = initialCapacity;
+        m_items = static_cast<Item*>(::operator new[](m_capacity * sizeof(Item)));
+    }
+
+    ~Array() {
+        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < m_size; ++i) {
+            m_items[i].~Item();
+        }
+        ::operator delete[](m_items);
+    }
+
+    Array(Array&& other) {
+        m_capacity = other.m_capacity;
+        m_size = other.m_size;
+        m_items = other.m_items;
+
+        other.m_size = 0;
+        other.m_capacity = 0;
+        other.m_items = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    Array& operator=(Array&& other) noexcept {
+        if (this != &other) {
+            // Destroy current contents
+            for (unsigned int i = 0; i < m_size; ++i)
+                m_items[i].~Item();
+            ::operator delete[](m_items);
+
+            // Move from other
+            m_items = other.m_items;
+            m_size = other.m_size;
+            m_capacity = other.m_capacity;
+
+            other.m_items = nullptr;
+            other.m_size = 0;
+            other.m_capacity = 0;
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    Array(const Array&) = delete;
+public:
+    inline const Size GetSize() const noexcept { return m_size; }
+
+    Item* Begin() { return m_items; }
+    const Item* Begin() const { return m_items; }
+
+    Item& Back() { assert(m_size > 0 && "Calling back() on empty array!"); return m_items[m_size - 1]; }
+    const Item& Back() const { assert(m_size > 0 && "Calling back() on empty array!"); return m_items[m_size - 1]; }
+
+    Item* End() { return m_items + m_size; }
+    const Item* End() const { return m_items + m_size; }
+
+    inline const bool Empty() const { return m_size == 0; }
+public:
+    template<typename... Args>
+    void EmplaceBack(Args&&... args) {
+        _ensureSize(m_size + 1);
+        new (&m_items[m_size++]) Item(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+
+    void PushBack(const Item& item) {
+        _ensureSize(m_size + 1);
+        new (&m_items[m_size++]) Item(item);
+    }
+
+    void PushBack(Item&& item) {
+        _ensureSize(m_size + 1);
+        new (&m_items[m_size++]) Item(std::move(item));
+    }
+private:
+    void _ensureSize(Size size) {
+        if (size > m_capacity) {
+            _extend(static_cast<Size>(m_capacity + (m_capacity / 2)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    void _extend(Size newSize) {
+        auto newItems = static_cast<Item*>(::operator new[](newSize * sizeof(Item)));
+
+        std::uninitialized_move(
+            std::make_move_iterator(m_items),
+            std::make_move_iterator(m_items + m_size),
+            newItems
+        );
+
+        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < m_size; ++i) {
+            m_items[i].~Item();
+        }
+
+        ::operator delete[](m_items);
+
+        m_items = newItems;
+        m_capacity = newSize;
+    }
+private:
+    Item* m_items;
+    Size m_size;
+    Size m_capacity;
+};
+
+}
+
+#endif // CORE_ARRAY_H_

engine/include/engine/3d/material.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#ifndef MATERIAL_H_
+#define MATERIAL_H_
+
+#include <glm/glm.hpp>
+#include <memory>
+
+#include "engine/renderer/texture.h"
+
+#ifndef DEFAULT_MATERIAL_NAME
+    #define DEFAULT_MATERIAL_NAME "__default_material"
+#endif
+
+namespace Core {
+
+typedef std::string MaterialID;
+
+class Material {
+public:
+    Material(const std::string& name) : m_id(name) {}
+
+    Material() : Material(DEFAULT_MATERIAL_NAME) {}
+
+    // Material(const Material&) = default;
+public:
+    static Material Default() {
+        Material material;
+        material.SetAmbientColor(glm::vec3(0.52f, 0.52f, 0.52f));
+        return material;
+    }
+public:
+    inline const MaterialID GetID() const { return m_id; }
+
+    inline const glm::vec3 GetAmbientColor() const { return m_ambient; }
+    inline const glm::vec3 GetDiffuseColor() const { return m_diffuse; }
+    inline const glm::vec3 GetSpecularColor() const { return m_specular; }
+    inline const float GetSpecularWeight() const { return m_shininess; }
+    inline const bool HasDiffuseTexture() const { return m_diffuse_tex != nullptr; }
+    inline const Texture* GetDiffuseTexture() const { return m_diffuse_tex; }
+    inline const float GetOpacity() const { return m_opacity; }
+    inline const int GetIllumination() const { return m_illum; }
+public:
+    inline void SetAmbientColor(glm::vec3 ambient) { m_ambient = ambient; }
+    inline void SetDiffuseColor(glm::vec3 diffuse) { m_diffuse = diffuse; }
+    inline void SetSpecularColor(glm::vec3 specular) { m_specular = specular; }
+    inline void SetSpecularWeight(float weight) { m_shininess = weight; }
+    inline void SetDiffuseTexture(Texture* texture) { m_diffuse_tex = texture; }
+    inline void SetOpacity(float opacity) { m_opacity = opacity; }
+    inline void SetIllumination(float illum) { m_illum = illum; }
+private:
+    glm::vec3 m_ambient { 0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f };
+    glm::vec3 m_diffuse { 0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f };
+    glm::vec3 m_specular { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f };
+    float m_shininess { 32.0f };
+    float m_opacity { 1.0f };
+    int m_illum { 2 };
+
+    MaterialID m_id { 0 };
+
+    Texture* m_diffuse_tex { nullptr };
+}; // class Material
+
+} // namespace Core
+
+#endif // MATERIAL_H_

engine/include/engine/3d/mesh.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "engine/3d/array.hpp"
+#include "engine/3d/vertex.hpp"
+#include "engine/3d/material.hpp"
+#include "engine/opengl/buffers.h"
+#include "engine/renderer/renderable.hpp"
+
+#include "engine/export.h"
+
+namespace Core {
+
+class MeshGroup;
+
+class ENGINE_API Mesh : public Renderable, public OpenGL::VertexArray {
+    friend class Core::MeshGroup;
+public:
+    Mesh() = default;
+    Mesh(const Material& material) : m_material(material) {}
+
+    Mesh(const Mesh&) = delete;
+    Mesh(Mesh&&) = default;
+public:
+    template<typename... Args>
+    uint32_t EmplaceVertex(Args&&... args) {
+        Vertex v(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+        auto it = m_vti.find(v);
+        if (it != m_vti.end()) return it->second;
+        uint32_t newIndex = static_cast<uint32_t>(m_vertices.GetSize());
+        m_vertices.PushBack(std::move(v));
+        m_vti.emplace(m_vertices.Back(), newIndex);
+        return newIndex;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t PushVertex(const Vertex& vertex) {
+        auto it = m_vti.find(vertex);
+        if (it != m_vti.end()) return it->second;
+        uint32_t newIndex = static_cast<uint32_t>(m_vertices.GetSize());
+        m_vertices.PushBack(vertex);
+        m_vti.emplace(m_vertices.Back(), newIndex);
+        return newIndex;
+    }
+
+    void PushTriangle(uint32_t a, uint32_t b, uint32_t c) {
+        m_indices.PushBack(a);
+        m_indices.PushBack(b);
+        m_indices.PushBack(c);
+    }
+
+    const auto GetVerticesCount() const { return m_vertices.GetSize(); }
+    const auto GetIndicesCount() const { return m_indices.GetSize(); }
+public:
+    inline const Material& GetMaterial() const { return m_material; }
+private:
+    void Prepare() override {
+        // ---------- INIT   -----------
+        m_ebo = 0;
+    
+        // glGenVertexArrays(1, &m_vao);
+        // glGenBuffers(1, &m_vbo);
+        glGenBuffers(1, &m_ebo);
+
+        Bind();
+
+        SetupVertexBuffer(GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
+
+        // EBO (index buffer)
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, m_ebo);
+        glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, nullptr, GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
+
+        // attributes
+        glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<const void*>(offsetof(Vertex, position)));
+        glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
+
+        glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<const void*>(offsetof(Vertex, normal)));
+        glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
+        
+        glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<const void*>(offsetof(Vertex, uv)));
+        glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
+
+        // TODO: delete after ebo moved in VertexArray
+        // glBindBuffer(GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW, 0);
+        Unbind();
+
+        // ---------- UPLOAD -----------
+        Bind();
+
+        VertexBufferData(m_vertices.GetSize() * sizeof(Vertex), m_vertices.Begin());
+
+        // Upload indices
+        glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, m_ebo);
+        glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, m_indices.GetSize() * sizeof(unsigned int), m_indices.Begin(), GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
+
+        // TODO: delete after ebo moved in VertexArray
+        // glBindBuffer(GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW, 0);
+        Unbind();
+    }
+
+    void Render(Shader& shader, Scene& scene, unsigned int count) override {
+        // --- Basic material properties ---
+        shader.setFloat("opacity", m_material.GetOpacity());
+
+        // Albedo (base color)
+        shader.setVec3("albedo", m_material.GetDiffuseColor());
+
+        // Metallic and roughness (defaults)
+        shader.setFloat("metallic", 0.8f);
+        shader.setFloat("roughness", 0.5f);
+        shader.setFloat("ao", 1.0f); // default ambient occlusion if none
+
+        // --- Optional textures ---
+        int texUnit = 0;
+
+        // Albedo texture
+        if (m_material.HasDiffuseTexture()) {
+            shader.setBool("useAlbedoMap", true);
+            glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + texUnit);
+            glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, m_material.GetDiffuseTexture()->GetID());
+            shader.setInt("albedoTex", texUnit++);
+        } else {
+            shader.setBool("useAlbedoMap", false);
+        }
+
+        // Metallic texture
+        // if (m_material.HasMetallicTexture()) {
+        if (false) {
+            shader.setBool("useMetallicMap", true);
+            glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + texUnit);
+            // glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, m_material.GetMetallicTexture()->GetID());
+            shader.setInt("metallicTex", texUnit++);
+        } else {
+            shader.setBool("useMetallicMap", false);
+        }
+
+        // Roughness texture
+        // if (m_material.HasRoughnessTexture()) {
+        if (false) {
+            shader.setBool("useRoughnessMap", true);
+            glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + texUnit);
+            // glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, m_material.GetRoughnessTexture()->GetID());
+            shader.setInt("roughnessTex", texUnit++);
+        } else {
+            shader.setBool("useRoughnessMap", false);
+        }
+
+        // AO texture
+        // if (m_material.HasAoTexture()) {
+        if (false) {
+            shader.setBool("useAoMap", true);
+            glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + texUnit);
+            // glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, m_material.GetAoTexture()->GetID());
+            shader.setInt("aoTex", texUnit++);
+        } else {
+            shader.setBool("useAoMap", false);
+        }
+
+        // --- Render mesh ---
+        Bind();
+        if (count > 1) {
+            glDrawElementsInstanced(GL_TRIANGLES, static_cast<GLsizei>(m_indices.GetSize()), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0, count);
+        } else {
+            glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, static_cast<GLsizei>(m_indices.GetSize()), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
+        }
+        Unbind();
+    }
+private:
+    Array<Vertex> m_vertices { VERTICES_INITIAL_CAPACITY };
+    Array<uint32_t> m_indices { INDICES_INITIAL_CAPACITY };
+
+    // TODO: move out
+    // ------- RENDERING ---------
+    unsigned int m_ebo;
+    // ------- RENDERING ---------
+
+    Material m_material;
+
+    std::unordered_map<Vertex, uint32_t, VertexHash> m_vti;
+}; // class Mesh
+
+// Right now it's just a list of meshes connected to each other.
+// In future we might want to add support for global material
+// that can affect all sub materials, aka this class
+// will act like Parent Mesh that contains Child Meshes
+class ENGINE_API MeshGroup : public Array<Mesh>, public Renderable {
+public:
+    MeshGroup() {}
+
+    void Prepare() override {
+        for (auto it = Begin(); it != End(); ++it) {
+            it->Prepare();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void Render(Shader& shader, Scene& scene, unsigned int count) {
+        for (auto it = Begin(); it != End(); ++it) {
+            it->Render(shader, scene, count);
+        }
+    }
+
+public:
+    inline Mesh* FindMeshByMaterial(const Material& material) {
+        for (auto it = Begin(); it != End(); ++it) {
+            if (it->GetMaterial().GetID() == material.GetID()) {
+                return it;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        return End();
+    }
+
+    inline Mesh* FindMeshByMaterial(const Material* material) {
+        for (auto it = Begin(); it != End(); ++it) {
+            if (it->GetMaterial().GetID() == material->GetID()) {
+                return it;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        return End();
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace Core

engine/include/engine/3d/prefab.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+#ifndef CORE_PREFAB_H_
+#define CORE_PREFAB_H_
+
+#include <glm/glm.hpp>
+#include <glm/ext/matrix_clip_space.hpp>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <corecrt_math_defines.h>
+#endif
+#include <glm/ext/matrix_transform.hpp>
+#define GLM_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL
+#include <glm/gtx/euler_angles.hpp>
+
+#include "engine/opengl/buffers.h"
+#include "engine/renderer/renderable.hpp"
+#include "engine/scene/scene.h"
+#include "engine/3d/array.hpp"
+#include "engine/3d/mesh.hpp"
+
+#include "engine/components/transform.h"
+#include "engine/components/batch.h"
+
+namespace Core {
+
+class Prefab : public Renderable {
+public:
+    Prefab(MeshGroup&& mesh) : m_mesh(std::move(mesh)), m_id(++LastID) {}
+
+    const unsigned int GetID() const { return m_id; }
+
+public:
+    void Prepare() override {
+        std::cout << "[PREFAB] Prepare called" << std::endl;
+        
+        EnsureResources();
+
+        m_mesh.Prepare();
+
+        for (auto it = m_mesh.Begin(); it != m_mesh.End(); ++it) {
+            it->Bind();
+
+            std::cout << "[PREFAB] Configuring instance buffer for mesh" << std::endl;
+            m_instanceBuffer->StartConfigure();
+                std::size_t vec4Size = sizeof(glm::vec4);
+                for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+                    glEnableVertexAttribArray(3 + i); // use locations 3,4,5,6 for instance matrix
+                    glVertexAttribPointer(3 + i, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE,
+                                        sizeof(glm::mat4), (void*)(i * vec4Size));
+                    glVertexAttribDivisor(3 + i, 1); // IMPORTANT: one per instance, not per vertex
+                }
+            m_instanceBuffer->EndConfigure();
+            std::cout << "[PREFAB] Finished configuring" << std::endl;
+            
+            it->Unbind();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void Render(Shader& shader, Scene& scene, unsigned int count) override {
+        std::cout << "[PREFAB] Render called" << std::endl;
+        Array<entt::entity> batches;
+
+        for (auto [entt, item] : scene.m_registry.view<batch::item>().each()) {
+            if (item.batchId == m_id) {
+                batches.PushBack(entt);
+            }
+        }
+
+        std::cout << "[PREFAB] Collected " << batches.GetSize() << " batch items" << std::endl;
+
+        std::vector<glm::mat4> models;
+        models.reserve(batches.GetSize());
+
+        std::cout << "[PREFAB] Starting collecting models..." << std::endl;
+        
+        for (auto it = batches.Begin(); it != batches.End(); ++it) {
+            auto &t = scene.m_registry.get<Transform>(*it);
+            glm::mat4 rotation = glm::yawPitchRoll(t.rotation.y, t.rotation.x, t.rotation.z);
+            auto itemModel = glm::translate(glm::mat4(1.f), t.position) * rotation;
+            models.push_back(itemModel);
+        }
+
+        std::cout << "[PREFAB] Collected " << models.size() << " models" << std::endl;
+
+        UploadInstances(models.data(), models.size());
+        
+        shader.setBool("u_isInstanced", true);
+        shader.setBool("isLight", false);
+        shader.setVec3("currentLightColor", glm::vec3(0.f));
+        
+        std::cout << "[PREFAB] Rendering mesh in instanced mode with size = " << models.size() << std::endl;
+        m_mesh.Render(shader, scene, models.size());
+
+        shader.setBool("u_isInstanced", false);
+    }
+
+private:
+    void EnsureResources(unsigned int count = 0) {
+        if (!m_instanceBuffer) {
+            std::cout << "[PREFAB] Instance buffer init..." << std::endl;
+            m_instanceBuffer = new OpenGL::InstanceBuffer(GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
+            OpenGL::Buffer::Bind(m_instanceBuffer);
+            OpenGL::Buffer::Data(m_instanceBuffer, nullptr, sizeof(glm::mat4) * count);
+            OpenGL::Buffer::Unbind(m_instanceBuffer);
+            m_instance_count = count;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void UploadInstances(glm::mat4 *instances, unsigned int count) {
+        std::cout << "[PREFAB] UploadInstances called" << std::endl;
+
+        EnsureResources(count);
+
+        if (count > m_instance_count) {
+            std::cout << "[PREFAB] Reallocate buffer. Current = " << m_instance_count << " ; required = " << count << std::endl;
+            // Optional: reallocate only if you *really* have more instances than before
+            // FIXME: what the hell is m_instance_vbo
+            // glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, m_instance_vbo);
+            OpenGL::Buffer::Bind(m_instanceBuffer);
+            OpenGL::Buffer::Data(m_instanceBuffer, nullptr, sizeof(glm::mat4) * count);
+            OpenGL::Buffer::Unbind(m_instanceBuffer);
+            m_instance_count = count;
+        }
+
+        // Just update the data region — much cheaper
+        std::cout << "[PREFAB] Updating data of instance buffer..." << std::endl;
+        // std::cout << "[PREFAB] buffer target " << (m_instanceBuffer->GetTarget() == GL_ARRAY_BUFFER ? "array buffer" : "other") << std::endl;
+        // std::cout << "[PREFAB] buffer id " << m_instanceBuffer->GetID() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "count = " << count << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "instances = " << instances << std::endl;
+        OpenGL::Buffer::Bind(m_instanceBuffer);
+        OpenGL::Buffer::SubData(m_instanceBuffer, instances, sizeof(glm::mat4) * count, 0);
+    }
+
+protected:
+    static unsigned int LastID;
+
+private:
+    unsigned int m_id;
+    MeshGroup m_mesh;
+    OpenGL::InstanceBuffer* m_instanceBuffer = nullptr;
+    unsigned int m_instance_count = 0;
+    unsigned int m_instance_vbo = 0;
+};
+
+unsigned int Prefab::LastID = 0;
+
+}
+
+#endif // CORE_PREFAB_H_

engine/include/engine/3d/vertex.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstring>
+#include <glm/glm.hpp>
+
+#define VERTICES_INITIAL_CAPACITY 256
+#define INDICES_INITIAL_CAPACITY 512
+
+namespace Core {
+
+struct Vertex {
+public:
+    Vertex(glm::vec3 position, glm::vec3 normal, glm::vec2 uv)
+        : position(position), normal(normal), uv(uv) {}
+    Vertex()
+        : position(glm::vec3()), normal(glm::vec3()), uv(glm::vec2()) {}
+
+    Vertex(const Vertex&) noexcept = default;
+    Vertex(Vertex&&) noexcept = default;
+
+    bool operator ==(Vertex const& o) const noexcept {
+        return o.position == position
+            && o.normal == normal
+            && o.uv == uv;
+    }
+public:
+    glm::vec3 position;
+    glm::vec3 normal;
+    glm::vec2 uv;
+    
+    friend class VertexHash;
+};
+
+struct VertexHash {
+    size_t operator()(Vertex const& v) const noexcept {
+        auto h = [](float f) -> size_t {
+            uint32_t b;
+            static_assert(sizeof(float) == sizeof(uint32_t));
+            std::memcpy(&b, &f, sizeof(float));
+            // splitmix64-like mixing (simple)
+            uint64_t x = b;
+            x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * 0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9ULL;
+            x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * 0x94d049bb133111ebULL;
+            x ^= x >> 31;
+            return static_cast<size_t>(x);
+        };
+
+        size_t res = 1469598103934665603ULL;
+        res ^= h(v.position.x) + 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15ULL + (res<<6) + (res>>2);
+        res ^= h(v.position.y) + 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15ULL + (res<<6) + (res>>2);
+        res ^= h(v.position.z) + 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15ULL + (res<<6) + (res>>2);
+
+        res ^= h(v.normal.x) + 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15ULL + (res<<6) + (res>>2);
+        res ^= h(v.normal.y) + 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15ULL + (res<<6) + (res>>2);
+        res ^= h(v.normal.z) + 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15ULL + (res<<6) + (res>>2);
+
+        res ^= h(v.uv.x) + 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15ULL + (res<<6) + (res>>2);
+        res ^= h(v.uv.y) + 0x9e3779b97f4a7c15ULL + (res<<6) + (res>>2);
+        return res;
+    }
+};
+
+}

engine/include/engine/components/batch.h

@@ -2,14 +2,17 @@
 #define COMPONENT_BATCH_H_
 
 #include <glm/mat4x4.hpp>
+#include <memory>
+
+#include "engine/opengl/buffers.h"
+
 #include "engine/export.h"
 
 namespace Core {
 // requires mesh component
 struct ENGINE_API batch {
-    friend class Renderer;
 public:
-    // requires transform component
+    // requires Transform component
     struct item {
         unsigned int batchId;
     };
@@ -17,13 +20,18 @@ public:
     batch();
 
     inline const unsigned int id() const { return m_id; }
+    inline const bool Initialized() const { return m_instanceBuffer != nullptr; }
 protected:
     static unsigned int LastID;
 private:
     unsigned int m_id;
     unsigned int m_instance_vbo { 0 };
     unsigned int m_instance_count { 0 };
+
+    // TODO: use static draw when possible
+    OpenGL::InstanceBuffer* m_instanceBuffer = nullptr;
 private:
+    friend class Renderer;
     void prepare(glm::mat4 *instances, unsigned int count);
 };
 }

engine/include/engine/components/mesh.h

@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 #define COMPONENTS_MESH_H_
 
 #include <memory>
+#include "engine/renderer/renderable.hpp"
 
-#include "engine/renderer/wavefront.h"
 #include "engine/export.h"
 
 namespace Core {
 struct ENGINE_API mesh {
-    std::shared_ptr<Object> object;
+    std::shared_ptr<Renderable> mesh;
 };
 }
 

engine/include/engine/components/transform.h

@@ -5,11 +5,13 @@
 #include "engine/export.h"
 
 namespace Core {
-struct ENGINE_API transform {
+
+struct ENGINE_API Transform {
     glm::vec3 position;
     glm::vec3 rotation;
     glm::vec3 scale;
 };
+
 }
 
 #endif // COMPONENTS_TRANSFORM_H_

engine/include/engine/opengl/buffers.h

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#ifndef OPENGL_BUFFERS_H_
+#define OPENGL_BUFFERS_H_
+
+#include <GL/glew.h>
+
+#include "engine/renderer/shader.h"
+#include "engine/export.h"
+
+namespace Core {
+
+namespace OpenGL {
+    using BufferTarget = GLenum;
+    using BufferUsage = GLenum;
+    using BufferID = unsigned int;
+
+    class ENGINE_API Buffer {
+    public:
+        Buffer(BufferTarget target, BufferUsage usage);
+        Buffer(BufferTarget target);
+        ~Buffer();
+
+        inline const BufferID GetID() const { return m_buffer; }
+        inline const BufferTarget GetTarget() const { return m_target; }
+    public:
+        static inline const bool IsBound(const Buffer& buffer) { return m_bound == buffer.GetID(); }
+        static inline const bool IsBound(const Buffer* buffer) { return buffer && m_bound == buffer->GetID(); }
+        // static inline void Bind(const Buffer& buffer) { glBindBuffer(buffer.GetTarget(), buffer.GetID()); }
+        static inline void Bind(const Buffer* buffer) { glBindBuffer(buffer->GetTarget(), buffer->GetID()); m_bound = buffer->GetID(); }
+        static inline void Unbind(const Buffer* buffer) { glBindBuffer(buffer->GetTarget(), 0); m_bound = 0; }
+
+        static void Data(const Buffer* buffer, const void* data, size_t size);
+        static void SubData(const Buffer* buffer, const void *data, size_t size, size_t offset);
+    protected:
+        void BindBuffer(unsigned int index) const;
+        void BindBufferRanged(unsigned int index, size_t offset, size_t size) const;
+    private:
+        BufferID m_buffer;
+        BufferTarget m_target;
+        BufferUsage m_usage;
+    private:
+        static BufferID m_bound;
+    };
+
+    // TODO: Implement custom fields structuring via ordered_map?
+    class ENGINE_API UniformBuffer : public Buffer {
+    public:
+        UniformBuffer(size_t size, unsigned int index);
+
+        void ConfigureShader(Shader& shader, const char* uniformName) const;
+
+        template<typename T, typename S = size_t>
+        void UpdateUniform(void* data, S offset) {
+            SubData(this, data, sizeof(T), offset);
+        }
+    private:
+        unsigned int m_uniformBinding;
+    private:
+        static unsigned int s_bufferNextId;
+    };
+
+    class ENGINE_API ArrayBuffer : public Buffer {
+    public:
+        ArrayBuffer(BufferUsage usage);
+    };
+
+    class ENGINE_API InstanceBuffer : public ArrayBuffer {
+    public:
+        InstanceBuffer(BufferUsage usage);
+
+        inline void StartConfigure() const { Buffer::Bind(this); }
+        inline void EndConfigure() const { Buffer::Unbind(this); }
+    };
+
+    class ENGINE_API VertexArray {
+    public:
+        VertexArray();
+        ~VertexArray();
+
+        void Bind();
+        void Unbind();
+
+        void SetupVertexBuffer(BufferUsage usage);
+    public:
+        void VertexBufferData(size_t size, const void* data);
+    private:
+        unsigned int m_id { 0 };
+        ArrayBuffer* m_vbo { nullptr };
+    };
+} // namespace OpenGL
+
+} // namespace Core
+
+#endif // OPENGL_BUFFERS_H_

engine/include/engine/renderer/basics.h

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef RENDERER_BASICS_H
-#define RENDERER_BASICS_H
-
-#include <glm/glm.hpp>
-
-namespace Core {
-
-class Vertex {
-    friend class Mesh;
-private:
-    glm::vec3 m_position;
-    glm::vec3 m_normal;
-    glm::vec2 m_texCoord;
-public:
-    Vertex(glm::vec3 position, glm::vec3 normal, glm::vec2 texCoord)
-        : m_position(position), m_normal(normal), m_texCoord(texCoord) {}
-};
-
-}
-
-#endif // RENDERER_BASICS_H

engine/include/engine/renderer/mesh.h

@@ -5,25 +5,29 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <GL/glew.h>
 
-#include "engine/renderer/basics.h"
+#include "engine/3d/vertex.hpp"
+#include "engine/opengl/buffers.h"
 
 namespace Core {
 
-class Mesh {
+class Mesh : public OpenGL::VertexArray {
 public: // TODO: abstract away
-    unsigned int m_vao, m_vbo, m_ebo;
+    unsigned int m_ebo;
     std::vector<Vertex> m_vertexBuffer;
     std::vector<unsigned int> m_indexBuffer;
-public: // TODO: abstract away
-    void Bind() const { glBindVertexArray(m_vao); }
-    void Unbind() { glBindVertexArray(0); }
-    void Upload() const;
 public:
-    std::string materialName;
+    Mesh(const std::string& name);
+
+    Mesh(const Mesh& other) = delete;
+    Mesh(Mesh&& other) noexcept
+        : m_ebo(other.m_ebo), m_vertexBuffer(std::move(other.m_vertexBuffer)), m_indexBuffer(std::move(other.m_indexBuffer)), m_materialName(std::move(other.m_materialName)) {}
 public:
-    Mesh();
+    inline const std::string& GetMaterialName() const { return m_materialName; }
+    void Upload();
 public:
     void Render(unsigned int count);
+private:
+    std::string m_materialName;
 };
 
 }

engine/include/engine/renderer/renderable.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#ifndef CORE_RENDERABLE_H_
+#define CORE_RENDERABLE_H_
+
+#include "engine/renderer/shader.h"
+
+#include "engine/export.h"
+
+namespace Core {
+
+class Renderer;
+
+class ENGINE_API Renderable {
+protected:
+    Renderable() = default;
+    virtual ~Renderable() = default;
+
+private:
+    virtual void Prepare() = 0;
+    virtual void Render(Shader& shader, Scene& scene, unsigned int count = 1) = 0;
+
+    friend class Core::Renderer;
+};
+
+} // namespace Core
+
+#endif // CORE_RENDERABLE_H_

engine/include/engine/renderer/renderer.h

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 #include "engine/export.h"
 #include "engine/components/light.h"
 
+#include "engine/opengl/buffers.h"
+
 namespace Core {
 
 // TODO: make static or singleton
@@ -26,6 +28,8 @@ private:
     void GenerateShadowMaps();
     void EnsureShadowResources(light& l);
 private:
+    OpenGL::UniformBuffer m_uniform_matrices;
+
     Shader m_shader;
     Shader m_depthShader;
 

engine/include/engine/renderer/shader.h

@@ -15,11 +15,11 @@ public:
     Shader();
     ~Shader();
 
-    unsigned int m_id;
-
     void init(const std::string &vertexCode, const std::string &fragmentCode);
     void use();
 
+    const unsigned int GetID() const { return m_id; }
+
     void setBool(const std::string &name, bool value) const;
     void setInt(const std::string &name, int value) const;
     void setFloat(const std::string &name, float value) const;
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ public:
     void setMat2(const std::string &name, const glm::mat2 &mat) const;
     void setMat3(const std::string &name, const glm::mat3 &mat) const;
     void setMat4(const std::string &name, const glm::mat4 &mat) const;
-
 private:
+    unsigned int m_id;
     unsigned int m_vertexId;
     unsigned int m_fragmentId;
 

engine/include/engine/renderer/texture.h

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ namespace Core {
 class Texture {
 public:
     Texture() : m_id(0) {}
-    static std::unique_ptr<Texture> LoadFile(const std::string& filename);
+    static Texture* LoadFile(const std::string& filename);
 public:
     [[nodiscard]] unsigned int GetID() const { return m_id; }
 private:

engine/include/engine/renderer/wavefront.h

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
 
 #include "engine/renderer/shader.h"
 #include "engine/renderer/renderer.h"
-#include "engine/renderer/material.h"
+#include "engine/3d/mesh.hpp"
-#include "engine/renderer/mesh.h"
+#include "engine/opengl/buffers.h"
 
 #include "engine/export.h"
 
@@ -19,40 +19,44 @@ namespace Core {
 enum ObjElement { OHASH, MTLLIB, USEMTL, O, V, VN, VT, F, OUNKNOWN };
 enum MtlElement { MHASH, NEWMTL, NS, KA, KS, KD, NI, D, ILLUM, MAP_KD, MAP_KA, MUNKNOWN };
 
-class ENGINE_API Object {
+class ENGINE_API Object : public MeshGroup {
     friend class Renderer;
 private:
     static inline int NormalizeIndex(int idx, int baseCount);
 
-private:
     Object();
+
 public:
     ~Object() = default;
+
 public:
     static Object* LoadFile(const std::string& filename);
 
 private:
-    void LoadMaterials(const std::filesystem::path& filename);
+    void LoadMTL(const std::filesystem::path& filename);
-private:
+
-    void AddMaterial(std::string name, std::shared_ptr<Material> material);
-    std::shared_ptr<Material> GetMaterial(std::string name);
 private:
+    void CreateNewMesh();
+    void CreateNewMesh(const Material& material);
     Mesh& GetLastMesh();
-    void CreateNewMesh(const std::string& materialName);
+
+    void AddMaterial(MaterialID id, const Material& material);
+    Material* GetMaterial(const MaterialID& id);
+
 public:
     void Render(Shader& shader, unsigned int count);
     [[nodiscard]] inline const std::string Name() const { return m_name; }
+
 protected:
-    void EnableBatch(unsigned int instanceVBO);
+    void EnableBatch(const OpenGL::InstanceBuffer* instanceBuffer);
+
 private:
     std::string m_name;
     std::vector<glm::vec3> m_vertices;
     std::vector<glm::vec3> m_normals;
     std::vector<glm::vec2> m_texCoords;
 
-    std::vector<Mesh> m_meshes;
+    std::unordered_map<MaterialID, Material> m_materials;
-
-    std::unordered_map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<Material>> m_materials;
 };
 
 }

engine/include/engine/scene/scene.h

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 namespace Core {
 
 class Entity;
+class Renderer;
+class Prefab;
 
 class ENGINE_API Scene {
 public:
@@ -14,8 +16,9 @@ public:
     Entity CreateEntity();
 private:
     entt::registry m_registry;
-    friend class Renderer;
+    friend class Core::Renderer;
-    friend class Entity;
+    friend class Core::Entity;
+    friend class Core::Prefab;
 };
 
 class ENGINE_API Entity {

engine/src/components/batch.cpp

@@ -11,24 +11,24 @@ batch::batch() {
 }
 
 void batch::prepare(glm::mat4 *instances, unsigned int count) {
-    if (m_instance_vbo == 0) {
+    if (!m_instanceBuffer) {
-        glGenBuffers(1, &m_instance_vbo);
+        m_instanceBuffer = new OpenGL::InstanceBuffer(GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
-        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, m_instance_vbo);
+        OpenGL::Buffer::Bind(m_instanceBuffer);
-        // Allocate *once*, no data yet — just reserve space
+        OpenGL::Buffer::Data(m_instanceBuffer, nullptr, sizeof(glm::mat4) * count);
-        glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(glm::mat4) * count, nullptr, GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
+        OpenGL::Buffer::Unbind(m_instanceBuffer);
         m_instance_count = count;
     } else if (count > m_instance_count) {
         // Optional: reallocate only if you *really* have more instances than before
+        // FIXME: what the hell is m_instance_vbo
         glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, m_instance_vbo);
-        glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(glm::mat4) * count, nullptr, GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
+        OpenGL::Buffer::Bind(m_instanceBuffer);
+        OpenGL::Buffer::Data(m_instanceBuffer, nullptr, sizeof(glm::mat4) * count);
+        OpenGL::Buffer::Unbind(m_instanceBuffer);
         m_instance_count = count;
-    } else {
-        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, m_instance_vbo);
     }
 
     // Just update the data region — much cheaper
-    glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, sizeof(glm::mat4) * count, instances);
+    OpenGL::Buffer::SubData(m_instanceBuffer, instances, sizeof(glm::mat4) * count, 0);
-    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
 }
 
 }

engine/src/opengl/buffers.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cassert>
+#include "engine/opengl/buffers.h"
+
+namespace Core {
+
+namespace OpenGL {
+
+    BufferID Buffer::m_bound = 0;
+
+    Buffer::Buffer(BufferTarget target, BufferUsage usage)
+        : m_target(target), m_usage(usage)
+    {
+        glGenBuffers(1, &m_buffer);
+    }
+
+    Buffer::Buffer(BufferTarget target)
+        : Buffer(target, GL_STATIC_DRAW) {}
+    
+    Buffer::~Buffer() {
+        glDeleteBuffers(1, &m_buffer);
+    }
+
+    void Buffer::Data(const Buffer* buffer, const void *data, size_t size) {
+        if (!IsBound(buffer)) Bind(buffer);
+        glBufferData(buffer->m_target, size, data, buffer->m_usage);
+    }
+
+    void Buffer::SubData(const Buffer* buffer, const void *data, size_t size, size_t offset) {
+        if (!IsBound(buffer)) Bind(buffer);
+        glBufferSubData(buffer->m_target, offset, size, data);
+    }
+
+    void Buffer::BindBuffer(unsigned int index) const {
+        Buffer::Bind(this);
+        glBindBufferBase(m_target, index, m_buffer);
+        Buffer::Unbind(this);
+    }
+
+    void Buffer::BindBufferRanged(unsigned int index, size_t offset, size_t size) const {
+        Buffer::Bind(this);
+        glBindBufferRange(m_target, index, m_buffer, offset, size);
+        Buffer::Unbind(this);
+    }
+
+    unsigned int UniformBuffer::s_bufferNextId = 1;
+
+    UniformBuffer::UniformBuffer(size_t size, unsigned int index)
+        : Buffer(GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, GL_STATIC_DRAW), m_uniformBinding(s_bufferNextId++)
+    {
+        Buffer::Bind(this);
+        Data(this, nullptr, size);
+        Buffer::Unbind(this);
+
+        BindBuffer(m_uniformBinding);
+    }
+
+    void UniformBuffer::ConfigureShader(Shader& shader, const char* uniformName) const {
+        auto uniformIndex = glGetUniformBlockIndex(shader.GetID(), uniformName);
+        glUniformBlockBinding(shader.GetID(), uniformIndex, m_uniformBinding);
+    }
+
+    ArrayBuffer::ArrayBuffer(BufferUsage usage)
+        : Buffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, usage) {}
+    
+    InstanceBuffer::InstanceBuffer(BufferUsage usage)
+        : ArrayBuffer(usage) {}
+
+    VertexArray::VertexArray() : m_id(0) {
+        glGenVertexArrays(1, &m_id);
+        std::cout << "[DEBUG] VArr initialized: " << m_id << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    VertexArray::~VertexArray() {
+        // if (m_vbo) {
+        //     delete m_vbo;
+        // }
+
+        glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &m_id);
+    }
+
+    void VertexArray::Bind() {
+        assert(m_id != 0 && "Vertex Array wasn't initialized.");
+
+        std::cout << "[DEBUG] VArr binding: " << m_id << std::endl;
+        glBindVertexArray(m_id);
+    }
+
+    void VertexArray::Unbind() {
+        assert(m_id != 0 && "Vertex Array wasn't initialized.");
+        
+        // TODO: Add EBO as well
+        if (Buffer::IsBound(m_vbo)) {
+            Buffer::Unbind(m_vbo);
+        }
+
+        glBindVertexArray(0);
+    }
+
+    void VertexArray::SetupVertexBuffer(BufferUsage usage) {
+        if (m_vbo) {
+            delete m_vbo;
+        }
+
+        m_vbo = new ArrayBuffer(usage);
+        Buffer::Bind(m_vbo);
+        Buffer::Data(m_vbo, nullptr, 0);
+    }
+
+    void VertexArray::VertexBufferData(size_t size, const void* data) {
+        assert(m_vbo != nullptr && "Trying to upload vertex buffer data to nullptr");
+
+        Buffer::Bind(m_vbo);
+        Buffer::Data(m_vbo, data, size);
+    }
+
+} // namespace OpenGL
+
+} // namespace Core

engine/src/renderer/mesh.cpp

@@ -1,53 +1,56 @@
+#include <iostream>
 #include <cstddef>
 
 #include "engine/renderer/mesh.h"
 
 namespace Core {
 
-Mesh::Mesh() {
+Mesh::Mesh(const std::string& name) : m_materialName(name.c_str()) {
-    m_vao = 0;
+    std::cout << "Mesh init" << std::endl;
-    m_vbo = 0;
+
+    // m_vao = 0;
+    // m_vbo = 0;
     m_ebo = 0;
     
-    glGenVertexArrays(1, &m_vao);
+    // glGenVertexArrays(1, &m_vao);
-    glGenBuffers(1, &m_vbo);
+    // glGenBuffers(1, &m_vbo);
     glGenBuffers(1, &m_ebo);
 
-    glBindVertexArray(m_vao);
+    Bind();
 
-    // VBO (vertex buffer)
+    SetupVertexBuffer(GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
-    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, m_vbo);
-    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, nullptr, GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
 
     // EBO (index buffer)
     glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, m_ebo);
     glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, nullptr, GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
 
     // attributes
-    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<const void*>(offsetof(Vertex, m_position)));
+    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<const void*>(offsetof(Vertex, position)));
     glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
 
-    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<const void*>(offsetof(Vertex, m_normal)));
+    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<const void*>(offsetof(Vertex, normal)));
     glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
     
-    glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<const void*>(offsetof(Vertex, m_texCoord)));
+    glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<const void*>(offsetof(Vertex, uv)));
     glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
 
-    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+    // TODO: delete after ebo moved in VertexArray
-    glBindVertexArray(0);
+    // glBindBuffer(GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW, 0);
+    Unbind();
 }
 
-void Mesh::Upload() const {
+void Mesh::Upload() {
-    glBindVertexArray(m_vao);
+    Bind();
 
-    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, m_vbo);
+    VertexBufferData(m_vertexBuffer.size() * sizeof(Vertex), m_vertexBuffer.data());
-    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, m_vertexBuffer.size() * sizeof(Vertex), m_vertexBuffer.data(), GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
 
     // Upload indices
     glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, m_ebo);
     glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, m_indexBuffer.size() * sizeof(unsigned int), m_indexBuffer.data(), GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
 
-    glBindVertexArray(0);
+    // TODO: delete after ebo moved in VertexArray
+    // glBindBuffer(GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW, 0);
+    Unbind();
 }
 
 void Mesh::Render(unsigned int count)

engine/src/renderer/renderer.cpp

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include <glm/gtx/euler_angles.hpp>
 
 #include <glm/gtx/string_cast.hpp>
+#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
 
 #include "engine/renderer/renderer.h"
 #include "engine/window/window.h"
@@ -19,18 +20,13 @@
 #include "engine/components/light.h"
 #include "engine/components/mesh.h"
 #include "engine/components/batch.h"
+#include "engine/3d/prefab.hpp"
 
 namespace Core {
 
-Renderer::Renderer(std::shared_ptr<Scene> scene) : m_scene(scene)
+Renderer::Renderer(std::shared_ptr<Scene> scene)
+    : m_scene(scene), m_uniform_matrices(2 * sizeof(glm::mat4), 1)
 {
-    m_proj = glm::perspective(
-        static_cast<float>(M_PI_2),
-        static_cast<float>(Window::GetWidth()) / static_cast<float>(Window::GetHeight()),
-        0.01f,
-        100.0f
-    );
-
     m_shader.init(
         FileManager::read("./engine/src/shaders/main.vs"),
         FileManager::read("./engine/src/shaders/pbr.fs")
@@ -41,6 +37,19 @@ Renderer::Renderer(std::shared_ptr<Scene> scene) : m_scene(scene)
         FileManager::read("./engine/src/shaders/depth.fs")
     );
 
+    // glUniformBlockBinding(m_shader.m_id, glGetUniformBlockIndex(m_shader.m_id, "Matrices"), 1);
+
+    m_uniform_matrices.ConfigureShader(m_shader, "Matrices");
+
+    m_proj = glm::perspective(
+        static_cast<float>(M_PI_2),
+        static_cast<float>(Window::GetWidth()) / static_cast<float>(Window::GetHeight()),
+        0.01f,
+        100.0f
+    );
+
+    m_uniform_matrices.UpdateUniform<glm::mat4>(glm::value_ptr(m_proj), 0);
+
     m_model = glm::mat4(1.f);
 
     m_shader.use();
@@ -49,6 +58,14 @@ Renderer::Renderer(std::shared_ptr<Scene> scene) : m_scene(scene)
 
 void Renderer::Init() {
     GenerateShadowMaps();
+
+    for (auto [entt, mesh] : m_scene->m_registry.view<mesh>().each()) {
+        mesh.mesh->Prepare();
+    }
+
+    for (auto [entt, prefab] : m_scene->m_registry.view<Prefab>().each()) {
+        prefab.Prepare();
+    }
 }
 
 void Renderer::OnWindowResized(int w, int h) {
@@ -58,6 +75,7 @@ void Renderer::OnWindowResized(int w, int h) {
         0.01f,
         100.0f
     );
+    m_uniform_matrices.UpdateUniform<glm::mat4>(glm::value_ptr(m_proj), 0);
 }
 
 void Renderer::ApplyLights(Shader &shader) {
@@ -67,7 +85,7 @@ void Renderer::ApplyLights(Shader &shader) {
     size_t lightIndex = 0;
     for (auto entity : lights) {
         auto &l = m_scene->m_registry.get<light>(entity);
-        auto &transf = m_scene->m_registry.get<transform>(entity);
+        auto &transf = m_scene->m_registry.get<Transform>(entity);
         
         shader.setInt("lights[" + std::to_string(lightIndex) + "].type", static_cast<int>(l.type));
         shader.setVec3("lights[" + std::to_string(lightIndex) + "].position", transf.position);
@@ -111,14 +129,16 @@ void Renderer::EnsureShadowResources(light& l) {
 void Renderer::UpdateView() {
     auto camView = m_scene->m_registry.view<camera>();
     auto camTransform = camView.size() > 0 ?
-        m_scene->m_registry.get<transform>(camView.back()) :
+        m_scene->m_registry.get<Transform>(camView.back()) :
-        transform {glm::vec3(0.f, 0.f, 0.f), glm::vec3(0.f, 0.f, 0.f), glm::vec3(1.f, 1.f, 1.f)};
+        Transform {glm::vec3(0.f, 0.f, 0.f), glm::vec3(0.f, 0.f, 0.f), glm::vec3(1.f, 1.f, 1.f)};
 
     m_view = glm::lookAt(
         camTransform.position,
         camTransform.position + camTransform.rotation,
         glm::vec3(0.f, 1.f, 0.f)
     );
+
+    m_uniform_matrices.UpdateUniform<glm::mat4>(glm::value_ptr(m_view), sizeof(glm::mat4));
     
     m_shader.setVec3("viewPos", camTransform.position);
 
@@ -127,46 +147,55 @@ void Renderer::UpdateView() {
 }
 
 void Renderer::RenderScene(Shader &shader) {
-    std::unordered_map<unsigned int, std::vector<entt::entity>> batches;
+    // std::unordered_map<unsigned int, std::vector<entt::entity>> batches;
 
-    for (auto [entt, item] : m_scene->m_registry.view<batch::item>().each()) {
+    // for (auto [entt, item] : m_scene->m_registry.view<batch::item>().each()) {
-        if (batches.find(item.batchId) == batches.end())
+    //     if (batches.find(item.batchId) == batches.end())
-            batches.insert(std::make_pair(item.batchId, std::vector<entt::entity>()));
+    //         batches.insert(std::make_pair(item.batchId, std::vector<entt::entity>()));
 
-        batches[item.batchId].push_back(entt);
+    //     batches[item.batchId].push_back(entt);
-    }
+    // }
 
-    shader.setBool("u_isInstanced", true);
+    // shader.setBool("u_isInstanced", true);
+    // shader.setBool("isLight", false);
+    // shader.setVec3("currentLightColor", glm::vec3(0.f));
+    // for (auto [entt, b, m] : m_scene->m_registry.view<batch, mesh>().each()) {
+    //     // check if have items for batch render
+    //     if (batches.find(b.id()) == batches.end()) continue;
+
+    //     auto &batchItems = batches[b.id()];
+
+    //     std::vector<glm::mat4> models;
+    //     models.reserve(batchItems.size());
+
+    //     for (auto item : batchItems) {
+    //         auto &t = m_scene->m_registry.get<Transform>(item);
+    //         glm::mat4 rotation = glm::yawPitchRoll(t.rotation.y, t.rotation.x, t.rotation.z);
+    //         auto itemModel = glm::translate(glm::mat4(1.f), t.position) * rotation;
+    //         models.push_back(itemModel);
+    //     }
+
+    //     auto prevState = b.Initialized();
+    //     b.prepare(models.data(), models.size());
+    //     if (!prevState) {
+    //         std::cout << "[DEBUG] enabling batch" << std::endl;
+    //         // TODO:
+    //         // m.object->EnableBatch(b.m_instanceBuffer);
+    //     }
+    //     m.mesh->Render(shader);
+    // }
+    // shader.setBool("u_isInstanced", false);
+
+    // light cannot be batch rendered (yet :3)
     shader.setBool("isLight", false);
     shader.setVec3("currentLightColor", glm::vec3(0.f));
-    for (auto [entt, b, m] : m_scene->m_registry.view<batch, mesh>().each()) {
+    for (auto [entity, prefab] : m_scene->m_registry.view<Prefab>().each()) {
-        // check if have items for batch render
+        prefab.Render(shader, *m_scene.get(), 1);
-        if (batches.find(b.id()) == batches.end()) continue;
-
-        auto &batchItems = batches[b.id()];
-
-        std::vector<glm::mat4> models;
-        models.reserve(batchItems.size());
-
-        for (auto item : batchItems) {
-            auto &t = m_scene->m_registry.get<transform>(item);
-            glm::mat4 rotation = glm::yawPitchRoll(t.rotation.y, t.rotation.x, t.rotation.z);
-            auto itemModel = glm::translate(glm::mat4(1.f), t.position) * rotation;
-            models.push_back(itemModel);
-        }
-
-        auto prevInstanceVBO = b.m_instance_vbo;
-        b.prepare(models.data(), models.size());
-        if (prevInstanceVBO <= 0) {
-            std::cout << "[DEBUG] enabling batch" << std::endl;
-            m.object->EnableBatch(b.m_instance_vbo);
-        }
-        m.object->Render(shader, batchItems.size());
     }
-    shader.setBool("u_isInstanced", false);
 
-    for (auto [entity, transf, mesh] : m_scene->m_registry.view<transform, mesh>(entt::exclude<batch, batch::item>).each()) {
+    // entt::exclude<batch, batch::item>
-        if (mesh.object == nullptr) {
+    for (auto [entity, transf, mesh] : m_scene->m_registry.view<Transform, mesh>().each()) {
+        if (mesh.mesh == nullptr) {
             std::cerr << "WARN: Entity doesn't have a mesh to render" << std::endl;
             return;
         }
@@ -185,7 +214,7 @@ void Renderer::RenderScene(Shader &shader) {
 
         shader.setMat4("u_model", m_model);
 
-        mesh.object->Render(shader, 1);
+        mesh.mesh->Render(shader, *m_scene.get(), 1);
     }
 }
 
@@ -206,7 +235,7 @@ void Renderer::Render() {
 
     glCullFace(GL_FRONT);
 
-    const auto lights = m_scene->m_registry.view<light, transform>();
+    const auto lights = m_scene->m_registry.view<light, Transform>();
 
     for (auto [_, l, t] : lights.each()) {
         // TODO: support other light types when ready

engine/src/renderer/texture.cpp

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
 
 namespace Core {
 
-std::unique_ptr<Texture> Texture::LoadFile(const std::string& filename) {
+Texture* Texture::LoadFile(const std::string& filename) {
-    auto texture = std::make_unique<Texture>();
+    auto texture = new Texture();
 
     int w, h, c;
     unsigned char *data = stbi_load(filename.c_str(), &w, &h, &c, 4);
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ std::unique_ptr<Texture> Texture::LoadFile(const std::string& filename) {
         std::exit(1);
     }
 
-    glGenTextures(1, &texture.get()->m_id);
+    glGenTextures(1, &texture->m_id);
-    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture.get()->m_id);
+    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture->m_id);
 
     // TODO: configure properly
     glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);	
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<Texture> Texture::LoadFile(const std::string& filename) {
     std::cout << "Loaded texture under '" << filename << "' with size of " << sizeof(data) << " bytes" << std::endl;
     stbi_image_free(data);
 
-    return std::move(texture);
+    return texture;
 }
 
 }

engine/src/renderer/wavefront.cpp

@@ -8,24 +8,10 @@
 #include "engine/renderer/wavefront.h"
 
 #include "engine/IO/parser.h"
-#include "engine/renderer/mesh.h"
+#include "engine/3d/mesh.hpp"
-
-#define DEFAULT_MATERIAL_NAME "default"
 
 namespace Core {
 
-// ObjElement toElement(const std::string &s) {
-//     if (s == "#") return ObjElement::OHASH;
-//     if (s == "mtllib") return ObjElement::MTLLIB;
-//     if (s == "usemtl") return ObjElement::USEMTL;
-//     if (s == "o") return ObjElement::O;
-//     if (s == "v") return ObjElement::V;
-//     if (s == "vn") return ObjElement::VN;
-//     if (s == "vt") return ObjElement::VT;
-//     if (s == "f") return ObjElement::F;
-//     return ObjElement::OUNKNOWN;
-// }
-
 inline ObjElement toElement(const char* s) {
     switch (s[0]) {
         case '#': return ObjElement::OHASH;
@@ -42,22 +28,6 @@ inline ObjElement toElement(const char* s) {
     return ObjElement::OUNKNOWN;
 }
 
-// MtlElement toMtlElement(const std::string &s) {
-//     if (s == "#") return MtlElement::MHASH;
-//     if (s == "newmtl") return MtlElement::NEWMTL;
-//     if (s == "Ns") return MtlElement::NS;
-//     if (s == "Ka") return MtlElement::KA;
-//     if (s == "Ks") return MtlElement::KS;
-//     if (s == "Kd") return MtlElement::KD;
-//     if (s == "Ni") return MtlElement::NI;
-//     if (s == "d") return MtlElement::D;
-//     if (s == "illum") return MtlElement::ILLUM;
-//     if (s == "map_Kd") return MtlElement::MAP_KD;
-//     if (s == "map_Ka") return MtlElement::MAP_KA;
-//     // if (s == "map_Ke") return MtlElement::MAP_KE;
-//     return MtlElement::MUNKNOWN;
-// }
-
 inline MtlElement toMtlElement(const char* s) {
     switch (s[0]) {
         case '#': return MtlElement::MHASH;
@@ -104,7 +74,11 @@ Object::Object() {
     m_texCoords = std::vector<glm::vec2>();
 }
 
-void Object::LoadMaterials(const std::filesystem::path& filename) {
+void Object::AddMaterial(MaterialID id, const Material& material) {
+    m_materials.insert(std::make_pair(id, material));
+}
+
+void Object::LoadMTL(const std::filesystem::path& filename) {
     std::ifstream file(filename);
     if (!file.is_open()) {
         std::cerr << "Failed to open MTL file: " << filename << std::endl;
@@ -112,7 +86,8 @@ void Object::LoadMaterials(const std::filesystem::path& filename) {
     }
 
     std::string currentMaterialName;
-    std::shared_ptr<Material> currentMaterial;
+    Material currentMaterial;
+    bool hasCurrent = false;
 
     char line[1024]; // buffer per line
 
@@ -128,15 +103,15 @@ void Object::LoadMaterials(const std::filesystem::path& filename) {
         case MtlElement::NEWMTL:
         {
             // If a material was being built, commit it first
-            if (currentMaterial) {
+            if (hasCurrent) {
-                AddMaterial(currentMaterialName, std::move(currentMaterial));
+                AddMaterial(currentMaterialName, currentMaterial);
-                currentMaterial = nullptr;
             }
 
             char* materialName = p.TakeWord();
             if (materialName) {
                 currentMaterialName = materialName;
-                currentMaterial = std::make_shared<Material>();
+                currentMaterial = Material(currentMaterialName);
+                hasCurrent = true;
             }
             break;
         }
@@ -144,7 +119,7 @@ void Object::LoadMaterials(const std::filesystem::path& filename) {
         case MtlElement::NS: // specular weight
         {
             float weight = p.TakeFloat();
-            if (currentMaterial) currentMaterial->SetSpecularWeight(weight);
+            if (hasCurrent) currentMaterial.SetSpecularWeight(weight);
             break;
         }
 
@@ -153,7 +128,7 @@ void Object::LoadMaterials(const std::filesystem::path& filename) {
             float r = p.TakeFloat();
             float g = p.TakeFloat();
             float b = p.TakeFloat();
-            if (currentMaterial) currentMaterial->SetAmbientColor(glm::vec3(r, g, b));
+            if (hasCurrent) currentMaterial.SetAmbientColor(glm::vec3(r, g, b));
             break;
         }
 
@@ -162,7 +137,7 @@ void Object::LoadMaterials(const std::filesystem::path& filename) {
             float r = p.TakeFloat();
             float g = p.TakeFloat();
             float b = p.TakeFloat();
-            if (currentMaterial) currentMaterial->SetSpecularColor(glm::vec3(r, g, b));
+            if (hasCurrent) currentMaterial.SetSpecularColor(glm::vec3(r, g, b));
             break;
         }
 
@@ -171,21 +146,21 @@ void Object::LoadMaterials(const std::filesystem::path& filename) {
             float r = p.TakeFloat();
             float g = p.TakeFloat();
             float b = p.TakeFloat();
-            if (currentMaterial) currentMaterial->SetDiffuseColor(glm::vec3(r, g, b));
+            if (hasCurrent) currentMaterial.SetDiffuseColor(glm::vec3(r, g, b));
             break;
         }
 
         case MtlElement::D: // opacity
         {
             float d = p.TakeFloat();
-            if (currentMaterial) currentMaterial->SetOpacity(d);
+            if (hasCurrent) currentMaterial.SetOpacity(d);
             break;
         }
 
         case MtlElement::ILLUM: // illumination model
         {
             int illum = p.TakeInt();
-            if (currentMaterial) currentMaterial->SetIllumination(illum);
+            if (hasCurrent) currentMaterial.SetIllumination(illum);
             break;
         }
 
@@ -193,7 +168,7 @@ void Object::LoadMaterials(const std::filesystem::path& filename) {
         {
             // take rest of line as texture path (can contain spaces)
             char* texPath = p.TakeUntil('\0');
-            if (texPath && currentMaterial) {
+            if (texPath && hasCurrent) {
                 // trim trailing spaces
                 size_t len = std::strlen(texPath);
                 while (len > 0 && (texPath[len - 1] == ' ' || texPath[len - 1] == '\t'))
@@ -201,7 +176,7 @@ void Object::LoadMaterials(const std::filesystem::path& filename) {
 
                 std::filesystem::path texturePath = filename.parent_path() / texPath;
 
-                currentMaterial->SetDiffuseTexture(Texture::LoadFile(texturePath.string()));
+                currentMaterial.SetDiffuseTexture(Texture::LoadFile(texturePath.string()));
             }
             break;
         }
@@ -209,13 +184,13 @@ void Object::LoadMaterials(const std::filesystem::path& filename) {
         case MtlElement::MAP_KA: // ambient texture map
         {
             char* texPath = p.TakeUntil('\0');
-            if (texPath && currentMaterial) {
+            if (texPath && hasCurrent) {
                 size_t len = std::strlen(texPath);
                 while (len > 0 && (texPath[len - 1] == ' ' || texPath[len - 1] == '\t'))
                     texPath[--len] = '\0';
 
                 // optional: handle ambient texture
-                // currentMaterial->SetAmbientTexture(Texture::LoadFile(texPath));
+                // currentMaterial.SetAmbientTexture(Texture::LoadFile(texPath));
             }
             break;
         }
@@ -227,41 +202,36 @@ void Object::LoadMaterials(const std::filesystem::path& filename) {
     }
 
     // Commit last material if pending
-    if (currentMaterial) {
+    if (hasCurrent) {
-        AddMaterial(currentMaterialName, std::move(currentMaterial));
+        AddMaterial(currentMaterialName, currentMaterial);
     }
 
     file.close();
 }
 
-void Object::AddMaterial(std::string name, std::shared_ptr<Material> material)
+Material* Object::GetMaterial(const MaterialID& id)
 {
-    m_materials.insert(std::make_pair(std::move(name), std::move(material)));
+    auto material = m_materials.find(id);
-}
-
-std::shared_ptr<Material> Object::GetMaterial(std::string name)
-{
-    auto material = m_materials.find(name);
     if (material == m_materials.end()) return nullptr;
-    return material->second;
+    return &material->second;
 }
 
-void Object::CreateNewMesh(const std::string& materialName)
+void Object::CreateNewMesh(const Material& material)
 {
-    Mesh mesh;
+    EmplaceBack(material);
-    mesh.materialName = materialName;
+}
-    m_meshes.push_back(mesh);
+
+void Object::CreateNewMesh()
+{
+    EmplaceBack();
 }
 
 Mesh& Object::GetLastMesh()
 {
-    if (m_meshes.empty()) {
+    if (Empty()) {
-        auto material = std::make_shared<Material>();
+        CreateNewMesh(Material::Default());
-        material->SetAmbientColor(glm::vec3(0.52f, 0.52f, 0.52f));
-        AddMaterial(DEFAULT_MATERIAL_NAME, std::move(material));
-        CreateNewMesh(DEFAULT_MATERIAL_NAME);
     }
-    return m_meshes.back();
+    return Back();
 }
 
 Object* Object::LoadFile(const std::string& filename) {
@@ -289,7 +259,7 @@ Object* Object::LoadFile(const std::string& filename) {
             if (mtlFile) {
                 std::filesystem::path fullPath = filename;
                 std::filesystem::path mtlPath = fullPath.replace_filename(mtlFile);
-                obj->LoadMaterials(mtlPath);
+                obj->LoadMTL(mtlPath);
             }
             break;
         }
@@ -298,11 +268,16 @@ Object* Object::LoadFile(const std::string& filename) {
         {
             char* materialName = p.TakeWord();
             if (materialName) {
-                auto& mesh = obj->GetLastMesh();
+                auto material = obj->GetMaterial(materialName);
-                if (mesh.materialName != materialName) {
+                if (!material) {
-                    Mesh newMesh;
+                    // Not defined material being used.
-                    newMesh.materialName = materialName;
+                    std::cerr << "[WARN] WavefrontError: use of undefined material '"
-                    obj->m_meshes.push_back(newMesh);
+                              << materialName << "'" << std::endl;
+                    material = new Material();
+                }
+                auto mesh = obj->FindMeshByMaterial(material);
+                if (mesh == obj->End()) {
+                    obj->CreateNewMesh(*material);
                 }
             }
             break;
@@ -326,6 +301,7 @@ Object* Object::LoadFile(const std::string& filename) {
                 x /= w; y /= w; z /= w;
             }
             obj->m_vertices.emplace_back(x, y, z);
+
             break;
         }
 
@@ -349,8 +325,11 @@ Object* Object::LoadFile(const std::string& filename) {
         case ObjElement::F: // face
         {
             auto& mesh = obj->GetLastMesh();
-            int raw_vi, raw_ti, raw_ni;
 
+            std::vector<uint32_t> faceIndices;
+            faceIndices.reserve(8);
+
+            int raw_vi, raw_ti, raw_ni;
             while (p.TakeFaceIndices(raw_vi, raw_ti, raw_ni)) {
                 // Convert raw OBJ indices to 0-based / -1 sentinel
                 int vi = Object::NormalizeIndex(raw_vi, (int)obj->m_vertices.size());
@@ -362,15 +341,25 @@ Object* Object::LoadFile(const std::string& filename) {
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                glm::vec3 vert = obj->m_vertices[vi];
+                Vertex v;
-                glm::vec3 norm(0.0f);
+                v.position = obj->m_vertices[vi];
-                glm::vec2 texCoord(0.0f);
+                v.normal = (ni >= 0) ? obj->m_normals[ni] : glm::vec3(0.0f);
+                v.uv = (ti >= 0) ? obj->m_texCoords[ti] : glm::vec2(0.0f);
 
-                if (ni >= 0) norm = obj->m_normals[ni];
+                uint32_t idx = mesh.PushVertex(v);
-                if (ti >= 0) texCoord = obj->m_texCoords[ti];
+                faceIndices.push_back(idx);
+                // mesh.m_vertexBuffer.emplace_back(vert, norm, texCoord);
+                // mesh.m_indexBuffer.push_back(mesh.m_vertexBuffer.size() - 1);
+            }
 
-                mesh.m_vertexBuffer.emplace_back(vert, norm, texCoord);
+            // [0, 1, 2]
-                mesh.m_indexBuffer.push_back(mesh.m_vertexBuffer.size() - 1);
+            //     ^
+
+            // triangulate polygon (fan)
+            if (faceIndices.size() >= 3) {
+                for (size_t i = 1; i + 1 < faceIndices.size(); ++i) {
+                    mesh.PushTriangle(faceIndices[0], faceIndices[i], faceIndices[i+1]);
+                }
             }
             break;
         }
@@ -385,130 +374,107 @@ Object* Object::LoadFile(const std::string& filename) {
     std::cout << "Vertices count: " << obj->m_vertices.size() << std::endl;
     std::cout << "Normals count: " << obj->m_normals.size() << std::endl;
     std::cout << "TexCoords count: " << obj->m_texCoords.size() << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "Meshes count: " << obj->m_meshes.size() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Meshes count: " << obj->GetSize() << std::endl;
     std::cout << "Materials count: " << obj->m_materials.size() << std::endl;
 
     file.close();
 
-    for (auto &mesh : obj->m_meshes) {
+    unsigned int i = 0;
-        mesh.Upload();
+    for (auto it = obj->Begin(); it != obj->End(); ++it, ++i) {
+        std::cout << "Mesh #" << i << " primitives count: " << it->GetIndicesCount() / 3 << std::endl;
     }
 
     return obj;
 }
 
-void Object::EnableBatch(unsigned int instanceVBO) {
+void Object::EnableBatch(const OpenGL::InstanceBuffer* instanceBuffer) {
-    for (auto &mesh : m_meshes) {
+    // FIXME:
-        mesh.Bind();
 
-        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, instanceVBO);
+    // for (auto &mesh : m_meshes) {
-        std::size_t vec4Size = sizeof(glm::vec4);
+    //     mesh.Bind();
-        for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+
-            glEnableVertexAttribArray(3 + i); // use locations 3,4,5,6 for instance matrix
+    //     instanceBuffer->StartConfigure();
-            glVertexAttribPointer(3 + i, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE,
+    //         std::size_t vec4Size = sizeof(glm::vec4);
-                                sizeof(glm::mat4), (void*)(i * vec4Size));
+    //         for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
-            glVertexAttribDivisor(3 + i, 1); // IMPORTANT: one per instance, not per vertex
+    //             glEnableVertexAttribArray(3 + i); // use locations 3,4,5,6 for instance matrix
-        }
+    //             glVertexAttribPointer(3 + i, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE,
-        glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+    //                                 sizeof(glm::mat4), (void*)(i * vec4Size));
+    //             glVertexAttribDivisor(3 + i, 1); // IMPORTANT: one per instance, not per vertex
+    //         }
+    //     instanceBuffer->EndConfigure();
         
-        mesh.Unbind();
+    //     mesh.Unbind();
-    }
+    // }
 }
 
-
-// void Object::Render(Shader& shader)
-// {
-//     for (auto &mesh : m_meshes) {
-//         auto material = GetMaterial(mesh.materialName);
-        
-//         shader.setFloat("ambientStrength", 0.2f);
-//         shader.setFloat("shininess", material->GetSpecularWeight());
-//         shader.setFloat("opacity", material->GetOpacity());
-//         shader.setBool("useSpecular", material->GetIllumination() >= 2);
-//         shader.setFloat("specularStrength", 1.0f);
-//         shader.setVec3("ambientColor", material->GetAmbientColor());
-//         shader.setVec3("diffuseColor", material->GetDiffuseColor());
-//         shader.setVec3("specularColor", material->GetSpecularColor());
-
-//         if (material->HasDiffuseTexture()) {
-//             shader.setBool("useTexture", true);
-//             glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
-//             glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, material->GetDiffuseTexture()->GetID());
-//             shader.setInt("diffuseTex", 0);
-//         } else {
-//             shader.setBool("useTexture", false);
-//         }
-
-//         mesh.Render();
-//     }
-// }
-
 void Object::Render(Shader& shader, unsigned int count)
 {
-    for (auto &mesh : m_meshes)
+    // FIXME:
-    {
-        auto material = GetMaterial(mesh.materialName);
 
-        // --- Basic material properties ---
+    // for (auto &mesh : m_meshes)
-        shader.setFloat("opacity", material->GetOpacity());
+    // {
+    //     auto material = GetMaterial(mesh.GetMaterialName());
 
-        // Albedo (base color)
+    //     // --- Basic material properties ---
-        shader.setVec3("albedo", material->GetDiffuseColor());
+    //     shader.setFloat("opacity", material->GetOpacity());
 
-        // Metallic and roughness (defaults)
+    //     // Albedo (base color)
-        shader.setFloat("metallic", 0.8f);
+    //     shader.setVec3("albedo", material->GetDiffuseColor());
-        shader.setFloat("roughness", 0.5f);
-        shader.setFloat("ao", 1.0f); // default ambient occlusion if none
 
-        // --- Optional textures ---
+    //     // Metallic and roughness (defaults)
-        int texUnit = 0;
+    //     shader.setFloat("metallic", 0.8f);
+    //     shader.setFloat("roughness", 0.5f);
+    //     shader.setFloat("ao", 1.0f); // default ambient occlusion if none
 
-        // Albedo texture
+    //     // --- Optional textures ---
-        if (material->HasDiffuseTexture()) {
+    //     int texUnit = 0;
-            shader.setBool("useAlbedoMap", true);
-            glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + texUnit);
-            glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, material->GetDiffuseTexture()->GetID());
-            shader.setInt("albedoTex", texUnit++);
-        } else {
-            shader.setBool("useAlbedoMap", false);
-        }
 
-        // Metallic texture
+    //     // Albedo texture
-        // if (material->HasMetallicTexture()) {
+    //     if (material->HasDiffuseTexture()) {
-        if (false) {
+    //         shader.setBool("useAlbedoMap", true);
-            shader.setBool("useMetallicMap", true);
+    //         glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + texUnit);
-            glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + texUnit);
+    //         glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, material->GetDiffuseTexture()->GetID());
-            // glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, material->GetMetallicTexture()->GetID());
+    //         shader.setInt("albedoTex", texUnit++);
-            shader.setInt("metallicTex", texUnit++);
+    //     } else {
-        } else {
+    //         shader.setBool("useAlbedoMap", false);
-            shader.setBool("useMetallicMap", false);
+    //     }
-        }
 
-        // Roughness texture
+    //     // Metallic texture
-        // if (material->HasRoughnessTexture()) {
+    //     // if (material->HasMetallicTexture()) {
-        if (false) {
+    //     if (false) {
-            shader.setBool("useRoughnessMap", true);
+    //         shader.setBool("useMetallicMap", true);
-            glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + texUnit);
+    //         glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + texUnit);
-            // glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, material->GetRoughnessTexture()->GetID());
+    //         // glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, material->GetMetallicTexture()->GetID());
-            shader.setInt("roughnessTex", texUnit++);
+    //         shader.setInt("metallicTex", texUnit++);
-        } else {
+    //     } else {
-            shader.setBool("useRoughnessMap", false);
+    //         shader.setBool("useMetallicMap", false);
-        }
+    //     }
 
-        // AO texture
+    //     // Roughness texture
-        // if (material->HasAoTexture()) {
+    //     // if (material->HasRoughnessTexture()) {
-        if (false) {
+    //     if (false) {
-            shader.setBool("useAoMap", true);
+    //         shader.setBool("useRoughnessMap", true);
-            glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + texUnit);
+    //         glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + texUnit);
-            // glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, material->GetAoTexture()->GetID());
+    //         // glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, material->GetRoughnessTexture()->GetID());
-            shader.setInt("aoTex", texUnit++);
+    //         shader.setInt("roughnessTex", texUnit++);
-        } else {
+    //     } else {
-            shader.setBool("useAoMap", false);
+    //         shader.setBool("useRoughnessMap", false);
-        }
+    //     }
 
-        // --- Render mesh ---
+    //     // AO texture
-        mesh.Render(count);
+    //     // if (material->HasAoTexture()) {
-    }
+    //     if (false) {
+    //         shader.setBool("useAoMap", true);
+    //         glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + texUnit);
+    //         // glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, material->GetAoTexture()->GetID());
+    //         shader.setInt("aoTex", texUnit++);
+    //     } else {
+    //         shader.setBool("useAoMap", false);
+    //     }
+
+    //     // --- Render mesh ---
+    //     mesh.Render(count);
+    // }
 }
 
 }

engine/src/shaders/depth.vs

@@ -1,13 +1,23 @@
-#version 410 core
+#version 460 core
 
 // Input vertex attributes
 layout (location = 0) in vec3 position;  // Vertex position in local space (model space)
+layout (location = 3) in mat4 instanceModel;     // Vertex texture uv
+
+// layout (std140, binding = 1) uniform Matrices
+// {
+//     mat4 projection;
+//     mat4 view;
+// };
 
 // Uniforms for transformation matrices
 uniform mat4 u_model;       // Model matrix: transforms from local space to world space
 uniform mat4 u_lightSpace;
+uniform bool u_isInstanced;
 
 void main()
 {
-    gl_Position = u_lightSpace * u_model * vec4(position, 1.0);
+    mat4 model = u_isInstanced ? instanceModel : u_model;
+
+    gl_Position = u_lightSpace * model * vec4(position, 1.0);
 }

engine/src/shaders/main.vs

@@ -6,6 +6,12 @@ layout (location = 1) in vec3 normal;    // vertex normal
 layout (location = 2) in vec2 texCoord;     // Vertex texture uv
 layout (location = 3) in mat4 instanceModel;     // Vertex texture uv
 
+layout (std140, binding = 1) uniform Matrices
+{
+    mat4 projection;
+    mat4 view;
+};
+
 // Output to fragment shader
 out vec3 vertexPos;
 out vec3 vertexNormal;
@@ -14,8 +20,8 @@ out vec4 fragPosLightSpace;
 
 // Uniforms for transformation matrices
 uniform mat4 u_model;       // Model matrix: transforms from local space to world space
-uniform mat4 u_view;        // View matrix: transforms from world space to camera space (view space)
+// uniform mat4 u_view;
-uniform mat4 u_projection;  // Projection matrix: transforms from camera space to clip space
+// uniform mat4 u_projection;
 uniform bool u_isInstanced;
 
 void main()
@@ -32,5 +38,5 @@ void main()
 
     // fragPosLightSpace = u_lightSpace * vec4(vertexPos, 1.0);
 
-    gl_Position = u_projection * u_view * vec4(vertexPos, 1.0);
+    gl_Position = projection * view * vec4(vertexPos, 1.0);
 }

sandbox/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,13 +1,21 @@
 set(SANDBOX_TARGET sandbox)
+set(MODEL_TARGET model)
 
 add_executable(${SANDBOX_TARGET} src/main.cpp)
+add_executable(${MODEL_TARGET} src/model.cpp)
 
 set_target_properties(${SANDBOX_TARGET} PROPERTIES
   CXX_STANDARD 17
   CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON
 )
 
+set_target_properties(${MODEL_TARGET} PROPERTIES
+  CXX_STANDARD 17
+  CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON
+)
+
 target_link_libraries(${SANDBOX_TARGET} PRIVATE ${ENGINE_TARGET})
+target_link_libraries(${MODEL_TARGET} PRIVATE ${ENGINE_TARGET})
 
 # --- Copy engine.dll and all dependent DLLs next to sandbox.exe ---
 if (WIN32)
@@ -16,4 +24,10 @@ if (WIN32)
         $<TARGET_RUNTIME_DLLS:${SANDBOX_TARGET}> $<TARGET_FILE_DIR:${SANDBOX_TARGET}>
         COMMAND_EXPAND_LISTS
     )
+
+    add_custom_command(TARGET ${MODEL_TARGET} POST_BUILD
+        COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy_if_different
+        $<TARGET_RUNTIME_DLLS:${MODEL_TARGET}> $<TARGET_FILE_DIR:${MODEL_TARGET}>
+        COMMAND_EXPAND_LISTS
+    )
 endif()

sandbox/src/main.cpp

@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@
 #include "engine/components/camera.h"
 #include "engine/components/mesh.h"
 #include "engine/components/rotate.h"
-#include "engine/components/batch.h"
+
+#include "engine/3d/prefab.hpp"
 
 #include "engine/scene/scene.h"
 #include "engine/input/input.h"
@@ -36,48 +37,48 @@ public:
 
         Object* lightObj = Object::LoadFile("./assets/common/sphere/sphere.obj");
         lightEntity = scene->CreateEntity();
-        lightEntity.AddComponent<transform>(glm::vec3(5.f, 5.f, 5.f), glm::vec3(0.f));
+        lightEntity.AddComponent<Transform>(glm::vec3(5.f, 5.f, 5.f), glm::vec3(0.f));
         lightEntity.AddComponent<light>(light::LightType::DIRECTIONAL, glm::vec3(1.f, 1.f, 1.f), 1.5f);
-        lightEntity.AddComponent<mesh>(std::shared_ptr<Object>(lightObj));
+        lightEntity.AddComponent<mesh>(std::shared_ptr<Renderable>(lightObj));
         assert(lightEntity.HasComponent<mesh>() && "light doesn't have any mesh!");
 
         cameraEntity = scene->CreateEntity();
         cameraEntity.AddComponent<camera>();
-        cameraEntity.AddComponent<transform>(glm::vec3(0.f, 2.f, 2.f));
+        cameraEntity.AddComponent<Transform>(glm::vec3(0.f, 2.f, 2.f));
         assert(cameraEntity.HasComponent<camera>() && "Camera doesn't have required 'camera' component");
-        assert(cameraEntity.HasComponent<transform>() && "Camera doesn't have 'transform' component");
+        assert(cameraEntity.HasComponent<Transform>() && "Camera doesn't have 'transform' component");
 
         Object* targetObj = Object::LoadFile("./assets/wizard/wizard.obj");
         modelEntity = scene->CreateEntity();
-        modelEntity.AddComponent<transform>(glm::vec3(0.f, 0.0f, 0.f));
+        modelEntity.AddComponent<Transform>(glm::vec3(0.f, 0.0f, 0.f));
-        modelEntity.AddComponent<mesh>(std::shared_ptr<Object>(targetObj));
+        modelEntity.AddComponent<mesh>(std::shared_ptr<Renderable>(targetObj));
         modelEntity.AddComponent<rotate>();
         assert(modelEntity.HasComponent<mesh>() && "model doesn't have any mesh!");
 
         // Cube template (use shared object to avoid reloading 1000 times)
-        std::shared_ptr<Object> cubeObj = std::shared_ptr<Object>(Object::LoadFile("./assets/grass_block/grass_block.obj"));
+        auto cubeObj = Object::LoadFile("./assets/grass_block/grass_block.obj");
         auto batchEntt = scene->CreateEntity();
-        auto& cubeBatch = batchEntt.AddComponent<batch>();
+        auto& cubeBatch = batchEntt.AddComponent<Prefab>(std::move(*cubeObj));
         // auto& cubeBatch = batchEntt.GetComponent<batch>();
-        batchEntt.AddComponent<mesh>(cubeObj);
+        // batchEntt.AddComponent<mesh>(cubeObj);
-        assert(batchEntt.HasComponent<batch>() && "batch doesn't have any batch component!");
+        // assert(batchEntt.HasComponent<batch>() && "batch doesn't have any batch component!");
-        assert(batchEntt.HasComponent<mesh>() && "batch doesn't have any mesh component!");
+        // assert(batchEntt.HasComponent<mesh>() && "batch doesn't have any mesh component!");
         // Generate 1000 random cubes
-        for (int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
             auto cubeEntity = scene->CreateEntity();
 
             float x = static_cast<float>(rand()) / RAND_MAX * 200.f - 100.f; // range [-100, 100]
             float y = static_cast<float>(rand()) / RAND_MAX * 10.f;          // range [0, 10]
             float z = static_cast<float>(rand()) / RAND_MAX * 200.f - 100.f; // range [-100, 100]
 
-            cubeEntity.AddComponent<transform>(glm::vec3(x, y, z));
+            cubeEntity.AddComponent<Transform>(glm::vec3(x, y, z));
             cubeEntity.AddComponent<rotate>();
-            cubeEntity.AddComponent<batch::item>(cubeBatch.id());
+            cubeEntity.AddComponent<batch::item>(cubeBatch.GetID());
         }
 
         Object* floorObj = Object::LoadFile("./assets/common/plane/plane.obj");
         auto floorEntt = scene->CreateEntity();
-        floorEntt.AddComponent<transform>(glm::vec3(0.f));
+        floorEntt.AddComponent<Transform>(glm::vec3(0.f));
         floorEntt.AddComponent<mesh>(std::shared_ptr<Object>(floorObj));
         assert(floorEntt.HasComponent<mesh>() && "floor doesn't have any mesh component!");
 
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ public:
         if (Input::IsKeyPressed(SDL_SCANCODE_SPACE)) velocity.y += 1.f;
         if (Input::IsKeyPressed(SDL_SCANCODE_LSHIFT)) velocity.y -= 1.f;
 
-        auto& camTransform = cameraEntity.GetComponent<transform>();
+        auto& camTransform = cameraEntity.GetComponent<Transform>();
         camTransform.position += velocity * (float)dt * 2.5f; // speed is e.g. 2.5f
         camTransform.rotation = cameraViewDirection;
 
@@ -154,7 +155,7 @@ public:
 
         // Update the directional light in the registry
         auto& l = lightEntity.GetComponent<light>();
-        auto& t = lightEntity.GetComponent<transform>();
+        auto& t = lightEntity.GetComponent<Transform>();
         if (l.type == light::LightType::DIRECTIONAL) {
             // "position" for directional light often stores direction vector
             // If your system instead uses transform.rotation, adjust accordingly

sandbox/src/model.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+#include <iostream>
+
+#include <glm/glm.hpp>
+#include <glm/gtc/constants.hpp>
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#define GLM_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL
+#include <glm/gtx/extended_min_max.hpp>
+#endif
+
+#include "engine/renderer/wavefront.h"
+
+#include "engine/app/app.h"
+
+#include "engine/components/transform.h"
+#include "engine/components/light.h"
+#include "engine/components/camera.h"
+#include "engine/components/mesh.h"
+#include "engine/components/rotate.h"
+
+#include "engine/3d/prefab.hpp"
+
+#include "engine/scene/scene.h"
+#include "engine/input/input.h"
+
+#include "engine/api.h"
+
+using namespace Core;
+
+class ModelViewer : public IApplication {
+public:
+    ModelViewer() = default;
+    ~ModelViewer() override {}
+
+    void OnInit(std::shared_ptr<Scene> scene) override {
+        m_scene = scene;
+
+        Object* lightObj = Object::LoadFile("./assets/common/sphere/sphere.obj");
+        lightEntity = scene->CreateEntity();
+        lightEntity.AddComponent<Transform>(glm::vec3(5.f, 5.f, 5.f), glm::vec3(0.f));
+        lightEntity.AddComponent<light>(light::LightType::DIRECTIONAL, glm::vec3(1.f, 1.f, 1.f), 1.5f);
+        lightEntity.AddComponent<mesh>(std::shared_ptr<Renderable>(lightObj));
+        assert(lightEntity.HasComponent<mesh>() && "light doesn't have any mesh!");
+
+        cameraEntity = scene->CreateEntity();
+        cameraEntity.AddComponent<camera>();
+        cameraEntity.AddComponent<Transform>(glm::vec3(0.f, 2.f, 2.f));
+        assert(cameraEntity.HasComponent<camera>() && "Camera doesn't have required 'camera' component");
+        assert(cameraEntity.HasComponent<Transform>() && "Camera doesn't have 'transform' component");
+
+        Object* targetObj = Object::LoadFile("./assets/grass_block/grass_block.obj");
+        modelEntity = scene->CreateEntity();
+        modelEntity.AddComponent<Transform>(glm::vec3(0.f, 0.0f, 0.f));
+        modelEntity.AddComponent<mesh>(std::shared_ptr<Renderable>(targetObj));
+        assert(modelEntity.HasComponent<mesh>() && "model doesn't have any mesh!");
+
+        std::cout << "ModelViewer initialized" << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    void OnUpdate(Timestep dt) override {
+        m_elapsed += dt.GetMilliseconds();
+
+        if (m_elapsed >= 1000) { // one second passed
+            m_elapsed = 0;
+            double fps = 1 / dt;
+            std::cout << "FPS: " << fps << std::endl;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void OnEvent(const Event& event) override {
+        if (event.GetType() == EventType::WINDOW_RESIZE) {
+            auto resizeEvent = static_cast<const WindowResizeEvent&>(event);
+            std::cout << "[DEBUG] <EVENT> Window resized to " << resizeEvent.GetWidth() << "x" << resizeEvent.GetHeight() << std::endl;
+        }
+        else if (event.GetType() == EventType::WINDOW_CLOSE) {
+            std::cout << "[DEBUG] <EVENT> Window closing" << std::endl;
+        }
+    }
+private:
+    // for internal 1-second timer
+    int m_elapsed;
+
+    std::shared_ptr<Scene> m_scene;
+
+    Entity lightEntity;
+    Entity cameraEntity;
+    Entity modelEntity;
+};
+
+IApplication* CreateApplication() {
+    return new ModelViewer();
+}