feat: beta compiling to fasm (codegen) + hello world example let's goooo

.vscode/settings.json

@@ -1,6 +1,79 @@
 {
     "files.associations": {
         "print": "cpp",
-        "cctype": "cpp"
+        "cctype": "cpp",
+        "new": "cpp",
+        "format": "cpp",
+        "any": "cpp",
+        "array": "cpp",
+        "atomic": "cpp",
+        "bit": "cpp",
+        "bitset": "cpp",
+        "charconv": "cpp",
+        "chrono": "cpp",
+        "clocale": "cpp",
+        "cmath": "cpp",
+        "codecvt": "cpp",
+        "compare": "cpp",
+        "concepts": "cpp",
+        "condition_variable": "cpp",
+        "cstdarg": "cpp",
+        "cstddef": "cpp",
+        "cstdint": "cpp",
+        "cstdio": "cpp",
+        "cstdlib": "cpp",
+        "cstring": "cpp",
+        "ctime": "cpp",
+        "cwchar": "cpp",
+        "cwctype": "cpp",
+        "deque": "cpp",
+        "forward_list": "cpp",
+        "list": "cpp",
+        "map": "cpp",
+        "set": "cpp",
+        "string": "cpp",
+        "unordered_map": "cpp",
+        "unordered_set": "cpp",
+        "vector": "cpp",
+        "exception": "cpp",
+        "algorithm": "cpp",
+        "functional": "cpp",
+        "iterator": "cpp",
+        "memory": "cpp",
+        "memory_resource": "cpp",
+        "numeric": "cpp",
+        "optional": "cpp",
+        "random": "cpp",
+        "ratio": "cpp",
+        "source_location": "cpp",
+        "string_view": "cpp",
+        "system_error": "cpp",
+        "tuple": "cpp",
+        "type_traits": "cpp",
+        "utility": "cpp",
+        "fstream": "cpp",
+        "initializer_list": "cpp",
+        "iomanip": "cpp",
+        "iosfwd": "cpp",
+        "iostream": "cpp",
+        "istream": "cpp",
+        "limits": "cpp",
+        "mutex": "cpp",
+        "numbers": "cpp",
+        "ostream": "cpp",
+        "queue": "cpp",
+        "ranges": "cpp",
+        "semaphore": "cpp",
+        "span": "cpp",
+        "sstream": "cpp",
+        "stdexcept": "cpp",
+        "stdfloat": "cpp",
+        "stop_token": "cpp",
+        "streambuf": "cpp",
+        "text_encoding": "cpp",
+        "thread": "cpp",
+        "cinttypes": "cpp",
+        "typeinfo": "cpp",
+        "variant": "cpp"
     }
 }

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ project(pl VERSION 0.0.1 LANGUAGES C CXX)
 
 set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 23)
 set(SOURCES
+    src/ir.cpp
     src/main.cpp
 )
 

example.rx

@@ -1,7 +1,15 @@
 extern putchar
 
 fn main() {
-    local a = 34
+    local h = 72
-    local b = 35
+    local e = 69
-    putchar(a + b)
+    local l = 76
+    local o = 79
+    local nl = 10
+    putchar(h)
+    putchar(e)
+    putchar(l)
+    putchar(l)
+    putchar(o)
+    putchar(nl)
 }

hello.asm

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+format ELF64
+
+section '.text' executable
+
+extrn 'putchar' as __putchar
+putchar = PLT __putchar
+
+public main
+
+main:
+    ; allocate space for locals (a and b: 4 bytes each → 8 bytes total)
+    push rbp
+    mov rbp, rsp
+    sub rsp, 8
+
+    ; local a = 34  → stored at [rbp - 4]
+    mov dword [rbp - 4], 34
+
+    ; local b = 35  → stored at [rbp - 8]
+    mov dword [rbp - 8], 35
+
+    ; compute a + b
+    mov eax, [rbp - 4]
+    add eax, [rbp - 8]
+
+    ; call putchar(a + b)
+    ; SysV: first integer arg → EDI
+    mov edi, eax
+    call putchar
+
+    ; return 0 from main
+    mov eax, 0
+
+    leave
+    ret

include/ast.hpp

@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@ enum class NodeType
     COUNT_NODES,
 };
 
+#define NODE_TYPE(x) \
+    NodeType GetType() const override { return NodeType::x; }
+
 class Node
 {
 public:
@@ -26,10 +29,6 @@ public:
     virtual ~Node() {}
 }; 
 
-#define NODE_TYPE(x) \
-    NodeType GetType() const override { return NodeType::x; }
-                     
-
 class ExpressionNode : public Node
 {
 public:
@@ -79,79 +78,15 @@ class ExternNode : public Node
 {
 public:
     // TODO: support multiple extern symbols
-    ExternNode(char* symbol)
+    ExternNode(StringView symbol)
         : m_symbol(symbol) {}
-    ~ExternNode() override {
+    ~ExternNode() override = default;
-        delete m_symbol;
-    }
 
     NODE_TYPE(Extern)
-private:
-    char* m_symbol;
-};
-
-class FnDeclNode : public Node
-{
 public:
-    // TODO: support parameters
+    const StringView& symbol() const { return m_symbol; }
-    FnDeclNode(char* name, Node* body)
-        : m_name(name), m_body(body) {}
-    ~FnDeclNode() override {
-        delete m_name;
-        delete m_body;
-    }
-
-    NODE_TYPE(FnDecl)
 private:
-    char* m_name;
+    StringView m_symbol;
-    Node* m_body;
-};
-
-class FnCallNode : public Node
-{
-public:
-    // TODO: support multiple arguments
-    FnCallNode(char* name, Node* arg)
-        : m_name(name), m_arg(arg) {}
-    ~FnCallNode() override {
-        delete m_name;
-        delete m_arg;
-    }
-
-    NODE_TYPE(FnCall)
-private:
-    char* m_name;
-    Node* m_arg;
-};
-
-class VariableNode : public Node
-{
-public:
-    VariableNode(char* name)
-        : m_name(name) {}
-    ~VariableNode() override {
-        delete m_name;
-    }
-
-    NODE_TYPE(Variable)
-private:
-    char* m_name;
-};
-
-class VarDeclNode : public Node
-{
-public:
-    VarDeclNode(char* name, Node* value)
-        : m_name(name), m_value(value) {}
-    ~VarDeclNode() override {
-        delete m_name;
-        delete m_value;
-    }
-
-    NODE_TYPE(VarDecl)
-private:
-    char* m_name;
-    Node* m_value;
 };
 
 class CompoundNode : public Node
@@ -187,6 +122,77 @@ private:
     std::vector<Node*> m_nodes;
 };
 
+class FnDeclNode : public Node
+{
+public:
+    // TODO: support parameters
+    FnDeclNode(const StringView& name, CompoundNode* body)
+        : m_name(name), m_body(body) {}
+    ~FnDeclNode() override {
+        delete m_body;
+    }
+
+    NODE_TYPE(FnDecl)
+public:
+    const StringView& name() const { return m_name; }
+    const CompoundNode* body() const { return m_body; }
+private:
+    StringView m_name;
+    CompoundNode* m_body;
+};
+
+class FnCallNode : public Node
+{
+public:
+    // TODO: support multiple arguments
+    FnCallNode(const StringView& name, Node* arg)
+        : m_name(name), m_arg(arg) {}
+    ~FnCallNode() override {
+        delete m_arg;
+    }
+
+    NODE_TYPE(FnCall)
+public:
+    const StringView& name() const { return m_name; }
+    // TODO: support multiple args
+    const Node* arg() const { return m_arg; }
+private:
+    StringView m_name;
+    Node* m_arg;
+};
+
+class VariableNode : public Node
+{
+public:
+    VariableNode(const StringView& name)
+        : m_name(name) {}
+    ~VariableNode() override = default;
+
+    NODE_TYPE(Variable)
+public:
+    const StringView& name() const { return m_name; }
+private:
+    StringView m_name;
+};
+
+class VarDeclNode : public Node
+{
+public:
+    VarDeclNode(const StringView& name, Node* value)
+        : m_name(name), m_value(value) {}
+    ~VarDeclNode() override {
+        delete m_value;
+    }
+
+    NODE_TYPE(VarDecl)
+public:
+    const StringView& name() const { return m_name; }
+    const Node* value() const { return m_value; }
+private:
+    StringView m_name;
+    Node* m_value;
+};
+
 class ProgramNode : public Node
 {
 public:
@@ -203,6 +209,9 @@ public:
     {
         m_externs.push_back(extrn);
     }
+public:
+    const std::vector<ExternNode*> externs() const { return m_externs; }
+    const std::vector<FnDeclNode*> funcs() const { return m_funcs; }
 private:
     std::vector<FnDeclNode*> m_funcs;
     std::vector<ExternNode*> m_externs;
@@ -225,7 +234,7 @@ public:
     {
         // Function Declaration
         m_lexer->NextExpect(TokenType::Id);
-        char *name = strdup(m_lexer->token().string);
+        StringView name = m_lexer->token().string;
         m_lexer->NextExpect('(');
         // TODO: parse parameters
         m_lexer->NextExpect(')');
@@ -239,7 +248,7 @@ public:
         return new FnDeclNode(name, compound);
     }
 
-    FnCallNode* ParseFnCall(char* name)
+    FnCallNode* ParseFnCall(const StringView& name)
     {
         // m_lexer->NextExpect(TokenType::Id);
         // char* name = strdup(m_lexer->token().string);
@@ -264,7 +273,7 @@ public:
         case TokenType::Id: // variable name or function call
         {
             m_lexer->NextExpect(TokenType::Id);
-            char *name = strdup(m_lexer->token().string);
+            auto name = m_lexer->token().string;
             token = m_lexer->seek_token();
             if (token->token == '(')
             {
@@ -341,7 +350,7 @@ public:
     {
         m_lexer->NextExpect(TokenType::Local);
         m_lexer->NextExpect(TokenType::Id);
-        char *name = strdup(m_lexer->token().string);
+        auto name = m_lexer->token().string;
         m_lexer->NextExpect('=');
         Node* value = ParseExpression();
         return new VarDeclNode(name, value);

include/codegen.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <cstddef>
+#include "string.hpp"
+#include "ir.hpp"
+
+template<typename Slot>
+class Allocator
+{
+public:
+    virtual ~Allocator() {};
+public:
+    virtual const Slot& Allocate(const StringView& addr) = 0;
+    virtual const Slot& Resolve(const StringView& addr) = 0;
+};
+
+struct StackSlot
+{
+    size_t offset;
+    StringView addr;
+};
+
+class StackAllocator : public Allocator<StackSlot>
+{
+public:
+    StackAllocator() = default;
+    ~StackAllocator() override = default;
+public:
+    const StackSlot& Allocate(const StringView& addr)
+    {
+        m_offset_counter += 4;
+        m_slots.Push(StackSlot { m_offset_counter, addr });
+        return m_slots.data[m_slots.size - 1];
+    }
+
+    const StackSlot& Resolve(const StringView& addr)
+    {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < m_slots.size; ++i)
+        {
+            if (strcmp(m_slots.data[i].addr.c_str(), addr.c_str()) == 0)
+            {
+                return m_slots.data[i];
+            }
+        }
+
+        assert(0 && "could not resolve stack offset for specified address");
+    }
+private:
+    size_t m_offset_counter = 0;
+    Builder<StackSlot> m_slots;
+};
+
+struct ConstSlot
+{
+    long value;
+    StringView addr;
+};
+
+class ConstAllocator : public Allocator<ConstSlot>
+{
+public:
+    ConstAllocator() = default;
+    ~ConstAllocator() override = default;
+public:
+    const ConstSlot& Allocate(const StringView& addr)
+    {
+        m_slots.Push(ConstSlot { 0, addr });
+        return m_slots.data[m_slots.size - 1];
+    }
+
+    const ConstSlot& StoreValue(const StringView& addr, long value)
+    {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < m_slots.size; ++i)
+        {
+            if (strcmp(m_slots.data[i].addr.c_str(), addr.c_str()) == 0)
+            {
+                m_slots.data[i].value = value;
+                return m_slots.data[i];
+            }
+        }
+
+        assert(0 && "could not resolve const under specified address");
+    }
+
+    const ConstSlot& Resolve(const StringView& addr)
+    {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < m_slots.size; ++i)
+        {
+            if (strcmp(m_slots.data[i].addr.c_str(), addr.c_str()) == 0)
+            {
+                return m_slots.data[i];
+            }
+        }
+
+        assert(0 && "could not resolve const under specified address");
+    }
+private:
+    Builder<ConstSlot> m_slots;
+};
+
+struct RegisterSlot
+{
+    const StringView& reg;
+    StringView addr;
+};
+
+class RegisterAllocator : public Allocator<RegisterSlot>
+{
+public:
+    RegisterAllocator()
+    {
+        m_regs.Push(std::move(StringView("eax")));
+        m_regs.Push(std::move(StringView("ecx")));
+    }
+    ~RegisterAllocator() override = default;
+public:
+    const RegisterSlot& Allocate(const StringView& addr)
+    {
+        assert(m_slots.size < m_regs.size && "no space available for allocating to register");
+        m_slots.Push(RegisterSlot { m_regs.data[m_slots.size], addr });
+        return m_slots.data[m_slots.size - 1];
+    }
+
+    const RegisterSlot& Resolve(const StringView& addr)
+    {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < m_slots.size; ++i)
+        {
+            if (strcmp(m_slots.data[i].addr.c_str(), addr.c_str()) == 0)
+            {
+                return m_slots.data[i];
+            }
+        }
+
+        assert(0 && "could not resolve const under specified address");
+    }
+
+    void Clear()
+    {
+        m_slots.size = 0;
+    }
+private:
+    Builder<RegisterSlot> m_slots;
+    Builder<StringView> m_regs;
+};
+
+class CodeGenerator
+{
+public:
+    virtual ~CodeGenerator() {};
+
+    virtual void Generate(const char* filename, View<IR::Op*> ops) = 0;
+};
+
+class StackFasmX86_64Generator : public CodeGenerator
+{
+public:
+    ~StackFasmX86_64Generator() override = default;
+private:
+    int GetStackSize(const IR::OpView ops)
+    {
+        int stackSize = 0;
+        for (auto &op : ops)
+        {
+            if (op->GetType() == IR::OpType::STORE) stackSize += 4;
+        }
+        return stackSize;
+    }
+
+    StringView GetTempAddr(IR::Reg reg)
+    {
+        return std::move((StringBuilder() << 't' << reg).view());
+    }
+private:
+    void GenerateOp(const IR::Op *op)
+    {
+        switch (op->GetType())
+        {
+        case IR::OpType::EXTERN:
+        {
+            auto extrn = reinterpret_cast<const IR::ExternOp *>(op);
+            auto symbol = extrn->symbol();
+            printf("extrn '%s' as __%s\n", symbol.c_str(), symbol.c_str());
+            printf("%s = PLT __%s\n", symbol.c_str(), symbol.c_str());
+        }
+        break;
+        case IR::OpType::FN:
+        {
+            auto fn = reinterpret_cast<const IR::FnOp *>(op);
+            auto name = fn->name();
+            printf("public %s\n", name.c_str());
+            printf("%s:\n", name.c_str());
+            printf("push rbp\n");
+            printf("mov rbp, rsp\n");
+            int stackSize = GetStackSize(fn->ops());
+            printf("sub rsp, %d\n", stackSize);
+            for(auto &fOp : fn->ops())
+            {
+                GenerateOp(fOp);
+            }
+            printf("leave\nret\n");
+        }
+        break;
+        case IR::OpType::CALL:
+        {
+            auto call = reinterpret_cast<const IR::CallOp *>(op);
+            // TODO: support several arguments
+            if (call->args().size == 1)
+            {
+                auto reg_slot = m_registers.Resolve(GetTempAddr(call->args().data[0]));
+                printf("mov edi, %s\n", reg_slot.reg.c_str());
+            }
+            printf("call %s\n", call->callee().c_str());
+            m_registers.Clear();
+        }
+        break;
+        case IR::OpType::LOAD_CONST:
+        {
+            auto lc = reinterpret_cast<const IR::LoadConstOp *>(op);
+            auto addr = GetTempAddr(lc->result());
+            m_consts.Allocate(addr);
+            m_consts.StoreValue(addr, lc->value());
+        }
+        break;
+        case IR::OpType::STORE:
+        {
+            auto s = reinterpret_cast<const IR::StoreOp *>(op);
+            printf("; DEBUG: resolving stack slot at %s\n", s->addr().c_str());
+            auto slot = m_stack.Allocate(s->addr());
+            auto value = m_consts.Resolve(GetTempAddr(s->src()));
+            printf("mov dword [rbp-%d], %ld\n", slot.offset, value.value);
+        }
+        break;
+        case IR::OpType::LOAD:
+        {
+            auto l = reinterpret_cast<const IR::LoadOp *>(op);
+            auto reg_slot = m_registers.Allocate(GetTempAddr(l->result()));
+            auto stack_slot = m_stack.Resolve(l->addr());
+            printf("mov %s, [rbp-%d]\n", reg_slot.reg.c_str(), stack_slot.offset);
+        }
+        break;
+        case IR::OpType::ADD:
+        {
+            auto expr = reinterpret_cast<const IR::AddOp *>(op);
+            auto lhs_slot = m_registers.Resolve(GetTempAddr(expr->lhs()));
+            auto rhs_slot = m_registers.Resolve(GetTempAddr(expr->rhs()));
+            printf("add %s, %s\n", lhs_slot.reg.c_str(), rhs_slot.reg.c_str());
+            m_registers.Clear();
+            m_registers.Allocate(GetTempAddr(expr->result()));
+        }
+        break;
+        default: printf("; NOT HANDLED\n; %s\n", op->Format(0).c_str()); break;
+        }
+    }
+public:
+    void Generate(const char* filename, View<IR::Op*> ops) override
+    {
+        printf("; fasm x86_64 linux generated assembly using pl\n");
+        printf("format ELF64\n");
+        printf("section '.text' executable\n");
+
+        for (auto& op : ops)
+        {
+            GenerateOp(op);
+        }
+    }
+public:
+    // TODO: handle sub-blocks
+    StackAllocator m_stack;
+    ConstAllocator m_consts;
+    RegisterAllocator m_registers;
+};

include/ir.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "string.hpp"
+#include "ast.hpp"
+
+namespace IR
+{
+
+enum class OpType
+{
+    EXTERN = 0,
+    FN,
+    LOAD_CONST,
+    LOAD,
+    STORE,
+    ADD,
+    CALL,
+    COUNT_OPS,
+};
+
+#define OP_TYPE(x) \
+    OpType GetType() const override { return OpType::x; }
+
+using Reg = int;
+
+using RegBuilder = Builder<Reg>;
+using RegView = View<Reg>;
+
+class Op
+{
+public:
+    virtual OpType GetType() const = 0;
+    virtual ~Op() {}
+
+    virtual StringView Format(int indent) const = 0;
+};
+
+using OpView = View<Op*>;
+using OpBuilder = Builder<Op*>;
+
+class Valued
+{
+public:
+    Valued(Reg dest)
+        : m_dest(dest) {}
+    ~Valued() = default;
+public:
+    Reg result() const { return m_dest; }
+private:
+    Reg m_dest;
+};
+
+class ExternOp : public Op
+{
+public:
+    ExternOp(StringView symbol)
+        : m_symbol(symbol) {}
+    ~ExternOp() {}
+
+    OP_TYPE(EXTERN)
+public:
+    StringView Format(int indent) const override
+    {
+        StringBuilder sb;
+        sb.AppendIndent(indent);
+        sb << "EXTRN " << m_symbol.c_str();
+        return sb.view();
+    }
+public:
+    const StringView& symbol() const { return m_symbol; }
+private:
+    StringView m_symbol;
+};
+
+class FnOp : public Op
+{
+public:
+    FnOp(StringView name, const CompoundNode* body);
+    ~FnOp() {}
+
+    OP_TYPE(FN)
+public:
+    StringView Format(int indent) const override
+    {
+        StringBuilder sb;
+        sb.AppendIndent(indent);
+        sb << "LABEL " << m_name.c_str() << ':' << '\n';
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < m_ops.size; ++i)
+        {
+            sb << m_ops.data[i]->Format(indent + 2) << '\n';
+        }
+        return sb.view();
+    }
+public:
+    const StringView& name() const { return m_name; }
+    const OpView& ops() const { return m_ops; }
+private:
+    StringView m_name;
+    OpView m_ops;
+};
+
+class LoadConstOp : public Op, public Valued
+{
+public:
+    LoadConstOp(Reg dest, long value)
+        : Valued(dest), m_value(value) {}
+    ~LoadConstOp() {}
+
+    OP_TYPE(LOAD_CONST)
+public:
+    StringView Format(int indent) const override
+    {
+        StringBuilder sb;
+        sb.AppendIndent(indent);
+        sb << 't' << result() << " = LOAD_CONST " << m_value;
+        return sb.view();
+    }
+public:
+    long value() const { return m_value; }
+private:
+    long m_value;
+};
+
+class LoadOp : public Op, public Valued
+{
+public:
+    LoadOp(Reg dest, StringView addr)
+        : Valued(dest), m_addr(addr) {}
+    ~LoadOp() {}
+
+    OP_TYPE(LOAD)
+public:
+    StringView Format(int indent) const override
+    {
+        StringBuilder sb;
+        sb.AppendIndent(indent);
+        sb << 't' << result() << " = LOAD \"" << m_addr.c_str() << "\"";
+        return sb.view();
+    }
+public:
+    const StringView& addr() const { return m_addr; }
+private:
+    StringView m_addr;
+};
+
+class StoreOp : public Op
+{
+public:
+    StoreOp(StringView addr, Reg src)
+        : m_addr(addr), m_src(src) {}
+    ~StoreOp() {}
+
+    OP_TYPE(STORE)
+public:
+    StringView Format(int indent) const override
+    {
+        StringBuilder sb;
+        sb.AppendIndent(indent);
+        sb << "STORE \"" << m_addr.c_str() << "\", t" << m_src;
+        return sb.view();
+    }
+public:
+    const StringView& addr() const { return m_addr; }
+    Reg src() const { return m_src; }
+private:
+    StringView m_addr;
+    Reg m_src;
+};
+
+class AddOp : public Op, public Valued
+{
+public:
+    AddOp(Reg dest, Reg lhs, Reg rhs)
+        : Valued(dest), m_lhs(lhs), m_rhs(rhs) {}
+    ~AddOp() {}
+
+    OP_TYPE(ADD)
+public:
+    StringView Format(int indent) const override
+    {
+        StringBuilder sb;
+        sb.AppendIndent(indent);
+        sb << 't' << result() << " = ADD t" << m_lhs << ", t" << m_rhs;
+        return sb.view();
+    }
+public:
+    Reg lhs() const { return m_lhs; }
+    Reg rhs() const { return m_rhs; }
+private:
+    Reg m_lhs;
+    Reg m_rhs;
+};
+
+class CallOp : public Op, public Valued
+{
+public:
+    CallOp(Reg dest, StringView callee, RegView args)
+        : Valued(dest), m_callee(callee), m_args(args) {}
+    ~CallOp() {}
+
+    OP_TYPE(CALL)
+public:
+    StringView Format(int indent) const override
+    {
+        StringBuilder sb;
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < m_args.size; ++i)
+        {
+            sb.AppendIndent(indent);
+            sb << "PARAM t" << m_args.data[i] << '\n';
+        }
+        sb.AppendIndent(indent);
+        sb << 't' << result() << " = CALL " << m_callee.c_str();
+        return sb.view();
+    }
+public:
+    const StringView& callee() const { return m_callee; }
+    const RegView& args() const { return m_args; }
+private:
+    StringView m_callee;
+    RegView m_args;
+};
+
+class IRBuilder
+{
+public:
+    IRBuilder(const Node* root)
+        : m_root(root) {}
+public:
+    // TODO: support other literals
+    Reg ParseIntLiteral(const IntLiteralNode* literal)
+    {
+        auto dst = AllocateRegister();
+        m_ops.Push(new LoadConstOp(dst, literal->integer()));
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    Reg ParseVariable(const VariableNode* var)
+    {
+        auto dst = AllocateRegister();
+        m_ops.Push(new LoadOp(dst, var->name()));
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    Reg ParseFnCall(const FnCallNode* fn)
+    {
+        // TODO: support multiple args
+        auto arg = ParseExpression(fn->arg());
+        auto argRegs = RegBuilder();
+        argRegs.Push(arg);
+        auto dst = AllocateRegister();
+        m_ops.Push(new CallOp(dst, fn->name(), RegView(argRegs.data, argRegs.size)));
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    Reg ParseFactor(const Node* factor)
+    {
+        switch(factor->GetType())
+        {
+        case NodeType::IntLiteral: return ParseIntLiteral(reinterpret_cast<const IntLiteralNode*>(factor));
+        case NodeType::Variable: return ParseVariable(reinterpret_cast<const VariableNode*>(factor));
+        case NodeType::FnCall: return ParseFnCall(reinterpret_cast<const FnCallNode*>(factor));
+        default: assert(0 && "some factor may not be handled"); break;
+        }
+
+        assert(0 && "unreachable");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    Reg ParseExpression(const Node* expression)
+    {
+        if (expression->GetType() == NodeType::Expression)
+        {
+            auto expr = reinterpret_cast<const ExpressionNode*>(expression);
+            auto lhs = ParseExpression(expr->left());
+            auto rhs = ParseExpression(expr->right());
+            auto dst = AllocateRegister();
+            
+            assert(4 == static_cast<int>(ExpressionNode::Operator::COUNT_OPERATORS) && "some operators may not be handled");
+            switch (expr->op())
+            {
+            case ExpressionNode::Operator::Plus: m_ops.Push(new AddOp(dst, lhs, rhs)); break;
+            default: assert(0 && "TODO: implement other operations"); break;
+            }
+
+            return dst;
+        } 
+
+        return ParseFactor(expression);
+    }
+
+    void ParseVarDecl(const VarDeclNode* varDecl)
+    {
+        auto value = ParseExpression(varDecl->value());
+        m_ops.Push(new StoreOp(varDecl->name(), value));
+    }
+
+    void ParseBlock(const CompoundNode* compound)
+    {
+        for (auto &statement : *compound)
+        {
+            switch(statement->GetType())
+            {
+            case NodeType::VarDecl: ParseVarDecl(reinterpret_cast<VarDeclNode*>(statement)); continue;
+            default: ParseExpression(statement); continue;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    OpView Build()
+    {
+        assert(m_root->GetType() == NodeType::Program && "root should be a program");
+        auto program = reinterpret_cast<const ProgramNode*>(m_root);
+
+        // Externs
+        for (auto &extrn : program->externs())
+        {
+            m_ops.Push(new ExternOp(extrn->symbol()));
+        }
+
+        // Functions
+        for (auto &fn : program->funcs())
+        {
+            m_ops.Push(new FnOp(fn->name(), fn->body()));
+        }
+
+        return OpView(m_ops.data, m_ops.size);
+    }
+public:
+    // TODO: think about safety (copying m_ops.data before giving)
+    OpView ops() const { return OpView(m_ops.data, m_ops.size); }
+private:
+    Reg AllocateRegister()
+    {
+        return m_reg_counter++;
+    }
+private:
+    OpBuilder m_ops;
+    const Node* m_root = nullptr;
+
+    Reg m_reg_counter = 0;
+};
+
+} // namespace IR

include/lexer.hpp

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ struct Token
     TokenType token;
     long int_number;
     // null-terminated
-    char* string;
+    StringView string;
     long line_number;
     long offset_start;
     long offset_end;
@@ -90,15 +90,10 @@ public:
         : m_filename(filename), m_code(code) {}
 
     Lexer(const Lexer&) = delete;
-    Lexer(Lexer&& other)
-    {
-        m_code = other.m_code;
-        other.m_code = StringView();
-    }
 public:
     bool NextToken()
     {
-        if (m_pos >= m_code.size)
+        if (m_pos >= m_code.size || m_code.data[m_pos] == '\0')
         {
             m_token = Token(TokenType::Eof);
             return false;
@@ -119,27 +114,27 @@ public:
         {
             StringBuilder s;
             long offset_start = m_pos - m_last_newline;
-            s.PushChar(c);
+            s.Push(c);
             // id
             while (std::isalpha(m_code.data[m_pos]) != 0)
             {
-                s.PushChar(m_code.data[m_pos++]);
+                s.Push(m_code.data[m_pos++]);
             }
-            s.PushChar('\0');
+            s.Push('\0');
             m_token = Token(TokenType::Id, m_line, offset_start, m_pos - m_last_newline);
-            m_token.string = s.data;
+            m_token.string = s.view();
 
-            if (strcmp("extern", m_token.string) == 0)
+            if (strcmp("extern", m_token.string.c_str()) == 0)
             {
                 m_token.token = TokenType::Extern;
             }
 
-            if (strcmp("fn", m_token.string) == 0)
+            if (strcmp("fn", m_token.string.c_str()) == 0)
             {
                 m_token.token = TokenType::Fn;
             }
 
-            if (strcmp("local", m_token.string) == 0)
+            if (strcmp("local", m_token.string.c_str()) == 0)
             {
                 m_token.token = TokenType::Local;
             }
@@ -152,13 +147,13 @@ public:
             StringBuilder s;
             long offset_start = m_pos - m_last_newline;
             bool hex = c == '0' && m_code.data[m_pos] == 'x';
-            s.PushChar(c);
+            s.Push(c);
             // integer (could be hex)
             while (std::isdigit(m_code.data[m_pos]) != 0 || (hex && std::isalpha(m_code.data[m_pos]) != 0))
             {
-                s.PushChar(m_code.data[m_pos++]);
+                s.Push(m_code.data[m_pos++]);
             }
-            s.PushChar('\0');
+            s.Push('\0');
             m_token = Token(TokenType::IntLiteral, m_line, offset_start, m_pos - m_last_newline);
             m_token.int_number = std::strtol(s.data, nullptr, hex ? 16 : 10);
             m_token.string = s.data;

include/string.hpp

@@ -1,47 +1,275 @@
 #pragma once
 #include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <utility>
 
-struct StringView
+template<typename T>
+struct View
 {
     size_t size;
-    const char* data;
+    T* data;     // owns its memory
+
 public:
-    StringView()
+    View() : size(0), data(nullptr) {}
+
+    // Deep copy constructor
+    View(const T* src, size_t count) : size(count)
     {
-        data = nullptr;
+        if (count == 0) { data = nullptr; return; }
-        size = 0;
+
+        data = static_cast<T*>(::operator new[](count * sizeof(T)));
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i)
+            new (&data[i]) T(src[i]);   // copy-construct
     }
 
-    StringView(const char* data, size_t size)
+    // Copy constructor
+    View(const View& other) : View(other.data, other.size) {}
+
+    // Move constructor
+    View(View&& other) noexcept : size(other.size), data(other.data)
     {
-        this->data = data;
+        other.size = 0;
-        this->size = size;
+        other.data = nullptr;
     }
+
+    View &operator=(const View &other)
+    {
+        if (this != &other)
+        {
+            // free old memory
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
+                data[i].~T();
+            ::operator delete[](data);
+
+            // deep copy
+            size = other.size;
+            data = static_cast<T *>(::operator new[](size * sizeof(T)));
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
+                new (&data[i]) T(other.data[i]);
+        }
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    // Destructor
+    ~View()
+    {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
+            data[i].~T();
+        ::operator delete[](data);
+    }
+
+    const T* begin() const { return data; }
+    const T* end()   const { return data + size; }
 };
 
-struct StringBuilder
+
+// using StringView = View<char>;
+
+class StringView final : public View<char>
 {
-    size_t size;
-    size_t capacity;
-    char* data;
 public:
-    StringBuilder()
+    StringView() : View<char>() {}
+
+    // Construct from C-string — deep copy, including null terminator
+    StringView(const char* s)
+        : View<char>(s, strlen(s) + 1) {}
+
+    // Construct from View<char> — ensure null termination
+    StringView(const View<char>& v)
+        : View<char>(v)
     {
-        size = 0;
+        if (size == 0 || data[size - 1] != '\0')
-        capacity = 10;
+        {
-        data = (char*)malloc(capacity * sizeof(char));
+            // Reallocate and append null terminator
+            size_t newSize = size + 1;
+            char* newData = static_cast<char*>(::operator new[](newSize * sizeof(char)));
+
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
+                newData[i] = data[i];
+
+            newData[newSize - 1] = '\0';
+
+            // destroy old
+            // for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
+            //     data[i].~char();
+            ::operator delete[](data);
+
+            data = newData;
+            size = newSize;
         }
-private:
+    }
-    void ensureSize(size_t newSize)
+
+    const char* c_str() const { return data; }
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+struct Builder
+{
+    size_t size = 0;
+    size_t capacity = 8;
+    T* data;
+
+public:
+    Builder()
+    {
+        data = static_cast<T*>(::operator new[](capacity * sizeof(T)));
+    }
+
+    ~Builder()
+    {
+        clear();
+        ::operator delete[](data);
+    }
+
+protected:
+    void grow(size_t newSize)
     {
         if (newSize <= capacity) return;
-        capacity = capacity + (capacity / 2);
+
-        data = (char*)realloc(data, capacity * sizeof(char));
+        size_t newCap = capacity;
+        while (newCap < newSize)
+            newCap += newCap / 2;
+
+        T* newData = static_cast<T*>(::operator new[](newCap * sizeof(T)));
+
+        // Move-construct into the new buffer
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
+            new (&newData[i]) T(std::move(data[i]));
+
+        // Destroy old items
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
+            data[i].~T();
+
+        ::operator delete[](data);
+
+        data = newData;
+        capacity = newCap;
     }
+
 public:
-    void PushChar(char c)
+    void Push(const T& value)
     {
-        ensureSize(size + 1);
+        grow(size + 1);
-        data[size++] = c;
+        new (&data[size]) T(value);
+        size++;
+    }
+
+    void Push(T&& value)
+    {
+        grow(size + 1);
+        new (&data[size]) T(std::move(value));
+        size++;
+    }
+
+    // Clear Builder storage but keep capacity
+    void clear()
+    {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
+            data[i].~T();
+        size = 0;
+    }
+
+    // ALWAYS produce a deep-copied View
+    View<T> view() const
+    {
+        return View<T>(data, size);
+    }
+};
+
+// using StringBuilder = Builder<char>;
+
+class StringBuilder final : public Builder<char>
+{
+public:
+    StringBuilder() : Builder<char>() {}
+
+    // Ensure there is room for `n` more characters (not counting terminator)
+    void ensure_extra(size_t n)
+    {
+        // grow size + n (but not including terminator)
+        this->grow(this->size + n);
+    }
+
+    // Append raw C string (WITHOUT copying terminator)
+    void Extend(const char* str)
+    {
+        if (!str) return;
+
+        size_t len = strlen(str);
+        ensure_extra(len);
+
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
+            this->Push(str[i]);
+    }
+
+    // Append a single char
+    void Append(char c)
+    {
+        this->Push(c);
+    }
+
+    void AppendIndent(int indent) {
+        grow(size + indent);
+        memset(data + size, ' ', indent);
+        size += indent;
+    }
+
+    // Return a null-terminated string pointer owned by builder
+    const char* c_str()
+    {
+        // ensure space for terminator
+        this->grow(this->size + 1);
+
+        // add terminator (overwrite or place it at end)
+        if (this->size == 0 || this->data[this->size - 1] != '\0')
+        {
+            // If already ended with \0, fine
+            this->Push('\0');
+        }
+        return this->data;
+    }
+
+    // Produce a deep-copied StringView
+    StringView view()
+    {
+        return StringView(this->c_str());
+    }
+
+    // streaming operators
+    StringBuilder& operator<<(const char* s)
+    {
+        Extend(s);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    StringBuilder& operator<<(const StringView& sv)
+    {
+        Extend(sv.c_str());
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    StringBuilder& operator<<(char c)
+    {
+        Append(c);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    StringBuilder& operator<<(int v)
+    {
+        char buf[32];
+        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d", v);
+        Extend(buf);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    StringBuilder& operator<<(long v)
+    {
+        char buf[32];
+        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%ld", v);
+        Extend(buf);
+        return *this;
     }
 };

src/ir.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#include "ir.hpp"
+
+IR::FnOp::FnOp(StringView name, const CompoundNode* body)
+    : m_name(name)
+{
+    IRBuilder ir(body);        // Now IRBuilder is complete → OK
+    ir.ParseBlock(body);
+    m_ops = ir.ops();
+}

src/main.cpp

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 #include <print>
 #include "lexer.hpp"
 #include "ast.hpp"
+#include "ir.hpp"
+#include "codegen.hpp"
 
 void dump_tokens(const char* filename, Lexer* lexer)
 {
@@ -19,9 +21,6 @@ void dump_tokens(const char* filename, Lexer* lexer)
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
-    for (int i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
-        std::println("arg#{}: {}", i, argv[i]);
-    }
     char* filename;
     if (argc > 1) {
         filename = (++argv)[0];
@@ -40,15 +39,25 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
 
     f.close();
 
-    // std::println("{}", content);
+    Lexer lexer(filename, StringView(content.c_str()));
-
-    Lexer lexer(filename, StringView(content.c_str(), content.size()));
-    
-    // dump_tokens(filename, &lexer);
     
     AstParser parser(&lexer);
 
     auto program = parser.Parse();
 
+    IR::IRBuilder irBuilder(program);
+
+    auto ops = irBuilder.Build();
+
+    // printf("\n");
+    // for (size_t i = 0; i < ops.size; ++i)
+    // {
+    //     printf("%s\n", ops.data[i]->Format(0).c_str());
+    // }
+
+    StackFasmX86_64Generator gen;
+
+    gen.Generate(filename, ops);
+
     return 0;
 }

test.asm

@@ -1,16 +1,39 @@
 format ELF64
 
-section ".text" executable
+section '.text' executable
-
-public main
 
 extrn 'putchar' as __putchar
 putchar = PLT __putchar
 
+public main
+
 main:
-    mov rdi, 69
+    ; create stack frame
+    push rbp
+    mov  rbp, rsp
+    sub  rsp, 8         ; space for locals: a (4 bytes), b (4 bytes)
+
+    ; t0 = LOAD_CONST 34
+    mov  dword [rbp-4], 34      ; STORE "a", t0
+
+    ; t1 = LOAD_CONST 35
+    mov  dword [rbp-8], 35      ; STORE "b", t1
+
+    ; t2 = LOAD "a"
+    mov  eax, [rbp-4]
+
+    ; t3 = LOAD "b"
+    mov  ecx, [rbp-8]
+
+    ; t4 = ADD t2, t3
+    add  eax, ecx               ; eax = t4
+
+    ; PARAM t4  → first arg in EDI
+    mov  edi, eax
+
+    ; t5 = CALL putchar
     call putchar
-    mov rdi, 10
+
-    call putchar
+    ; function return (SysV: rax contains return value from putchar)
-    mov rax, 0
+    leave
     ret